Question 1

Which of the following best describes the coefficient of inbreeding ($$F) $$for an individual?

Accepted Answer

The probability that both alleles at a locus are identical by descent from a common ancestor.

Question 2

Inbreeding depression is primarily caused by which genetic mechanism?

Accepted Answer

An increase in homozygosity of deleterious recessive alleles.

Question 3

Which equation is used to calculate the inbreeding coefficient ($$F_X) of an $$individual using pedigree data?

Accepted Answer

$$F_X = \sum \left[ (1/2$$)^{n+1}$$ (1+F_A) \right]$$

Question 4

Which of the following is a real-world example of overdominance maintaining a deleterious allele in a population?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell trait conferring malaria resistance.

Question 5

A population of sheep experiences a loss in fleece weight and quality due to inbreeding. What is the most likely genetic explanation?

Accepted Answer

Increased homozygosity of deleterious recessive alleles.

Question 6

Which of Wright’s F-statistics measures the genetic divergence among subpopulations relative to the total population?

Accepted Answer

$$F_{ST}$$

Question 7

If the frequency of a recessive allele ($$q) is 0.01$$, how many homozygous recessive individuals would you expect per 10,000 in a population where $$F = 1/4 (e.g$$., full-sib mating)?

Accepted Answer

25.75

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why highly inbred individuals are optimal candidates for genome assembly?

Accepted Answer

Increased homozygosity simplifies sequence alignment and consensus building.

Question 9

What does a negative $$F_{IS}$$ value indicate about a subpopulation?

Accepted Answer

There is an excess of heterozygotes compared to Hardy-Weinberg expectations.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of inbreeding?

Accepted Answer

Increased heterozygosity at all loci.

Question 11

In the context of genomic data, what does the equation $$PI = P(Z=1)/2 + P(Z=2)$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

The probability that two individuals share alleles identical by descent (IBD).

Question 12

Which of the following factors does NOT increase the risk of an individual carrying homozygous deleterious alleles?

Accepted Answer

High frequency of dominant alleles in the population.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes 'autozygosity'?

Accepted Answer

Genes in a homozygote that are identical by descent.

Question 14

Why are deleterious alleles NOT purgeable under overdominance?

Accepted Answer

Because heterozygotes have a fitness advantage, maintaining the allele at stable equilibrium.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between linkage disequilibrium (LD) and inbreeding?

Accepted Answer

LD decays faster in less inbred populations.

Question 16

How many generations of pedigree data are typically needed to approximate observed genomic inbreeding values?

Accepted Answer

8

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct cost of increased uniformity due to inbreeding in livestock breeding programs?

Accepted Answer

Inbreeding depression leading to reduced fitness and productivity.

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly relates Wright’s F-statistics?

Accepted Answer

$$F_{IT} = F_{IS} + F_{ST} - (F_{IS} 	imes F_{ST})$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between identity-by-descent (IBD) and identity-by-state (IBS)?

Accepted Answer

IBD refers to alleles inherited from a common ancestor, while IBS refers to alleles that are the same but not necessarily from a common ancestor.

Inbreeding: Genetic Consequences, Measurement, and Population Structure

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