Question 1

Which of the following best describes Mendel's law of segregation?

Accepted Answer

Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation, and each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 2

In Mendel's pea plant experiments, what was the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross?

Accepted Answer

$$3:1$$

Question 3

A pea plant with genotype Gg is self-fertilized. What is the probability that a yellow-seeded offspring is heterozygous?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{2}{3}$$

Question 4

Which experimental innovation was NOT critical to Mendel’s success?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring replicate crosses

Question 5

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (RrGg x RrGg), what is the expected proportion of offspring with both recessive phenotypes?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{16}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct application of the product rule in genetics?

Accepted Answer

Multiplying the probabilities of two independent events to find the probability of both occurring together

Question 7

A family has three children. What is the probability that exactly two are boys? (Assume $$p = \frac{1}{2}$$ for a boy and $$q = \frac{1}{2}$$ for a girl)

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{3}{8}$$

Question 8

Which molecular mechanism explains the wrinkled seed phenotype in Mendel’s peas?

Accepted Answer

Loss of function in the starch branching enzyme, leading to accumulation of amylose

Question 9

In a test cross between a heterozygous purple-flowered pea plant (Pp) and a homozygous recessive white-flowered plant (pp), what is the expected ratio of purple to white offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$1:1$$

Question 10

Which of the following statements about autosomal dominant inheritance is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The trait usually skips generations

Question 11

What is the formula for binomial probability for $$n$$ events, with $$p as $$the probability of one outcome and $$q as $$the probability of the alternative outcome?

Accepted Answer

$$P = (p + q)^n$$

Question 12

A chi-square test yields a $$P$$ value of 0.03. What does this indicate about the experimental results?

Accepted Answer

The results are statistically significant and the hypothesis of chance is rejected.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why Mendel’s results rejected the blending theory of inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Recessive traits reappeared in the F2 generation after disappearing in F1.

Question 14

How many different gamete genotypes are possible from an individual with genotype AaBbCc?

Accepted Answer

8

Question 15

Which rule of probability is used when calculating the probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring?

Accepted Answer

Sum rule

Question 16

In a pedigree, which symbol is used to represent a female who expresses a trait?

Accepted Answer

A filled circle

Question 17

Which of the following is a key feature of autosomal recessive inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Affected individuals are often born to parents who do not express the trait

Question 18

What is the expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross (Gg x Gg)?

Accepted Answer

$$1:2:1$$

Question 19

Which gene is responsible for the purple flower color in Mendel’s pea plants, and what is its molecular function?

Accepted Answer

bHLH gene; encodes a transcription factor activating anthocyanin pigment production

Question 20

If a plant is heterozygous for three genes (AaBbCc), what is the probability that its gamete will carry the ABC genotype?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{8}$$

Mendelian Genetics: Principles, Experiments, and Modern Context

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