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문제 1a
Classify the following carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide:
(a) carageenan, a seaweed extract containing up to 25,000 carbohydrate units
문제 2a
Classify the following carbohydrates as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide:
(a) raffinose, a soluble fiber containing three carbohydrate units
문제 3a
Identify the following as characteristics of soluble or insoluble fiber:
(a) can mix with water
문제 4a
Identify the following as containing soluble or insoluble fiber:
(a) oatmeal
문제 9a
Classify each of the following monosaccharides by the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbons (for example, a monosaccharide with an aldehyde and three carbons is an aldotriose).
(a)
문제 10a
Classify each of the following monosaccharides by the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbons (for example, a monosaccharide with an aldehyde and three carbons is an aldotriose).
(a)
문제 11a
Identify the following monosaccharides as the D- or the L-isomer:
(a)
문제 13a
Draw the Fischer projection for the enantiomer (mirror image) of each of the following:
(a)
문제 15
Classify structures A, B, and C in the figure as being either an enantiomer or a diastereomer of D-galactose.
문제 17a
Use the structure of D-galactose in Problem 6.15 to answer the following:
(a) Draw the Fischer projection of the carbon 3 epimer.
문제 17b
Use the structure of d-galactose in Problem 6.15 to answer the following:
(b) Draw the Fischer projection of L-galactose.
문제 19a
Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:
(a) also referred to as dextrose
문제 20a
Identify the monosaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:
(a) in combination with glucose produces the disaccharide lactose
문제 22a
Indicate whether the following statements apply to type 1 or type 2 diabetes:
(a) most cases begin in youth
문제 22c
Indicate whether the following statements apply to type 1 or type 2 diabetes:
(c) can be managed with diet and exercise
문제 23a
Identify the following carbohydrates as the ⍺ or β anomer:
(a)
문제 25
Draw the ⍺ and β anomer of D-talose in pyranose ring form:
문제 29
The sugar alcohol ribitol is a component of the vitamin riboflavin and the energy transfer molecule FAD. Ribitol is formed when the monosaccharide ribose undergoes reduction at carbon 1. Draw the structure of ribitol.
문제 30
The sugar alcohol erythritol is often included in low-calorie sweeteners. It is 70% as sweet as table sugar. Erythritol is the reduced form of the aldotetrose erythrose. Draw erythritol.
문제 31
Pentoses also exist in a ring form, but they most commonly occur as furanose rings. D-Ribose exists in its furanose ring form in the nucleic acid RNA. Using the structure of D-ribose from Table 6.1, draw the furanose form of β-D-ribose.
문제 32a
Identify the following reactions as condensation or hydrolysis:
(a) two monosaccharides reacting to form a disaccharide
문제 34
Name the glycosidic bond present in mannobiose, shown in the following figure:
문제 36a
For each of the following disaccharides, name the glycosidic bond and draw the monosaccharide units produced by hydrolysis:
(a)
문제 38a
Lactulose is a disaccharide used in the treatment of chronic constipation. Its formal name is galactose β(1→4) fructose.
(a) Draw the structure of lactulose.
문제 39a
Identify a disaccharide that fits each of the following descriptions:
(a) ordinary table sugar
문제 41a
Based on the sweetness index in Table 6.2, if you tasted a drop of each of the syrups below, which would taste the sweetest?
(a) light corn syrup (100% glucose)
문제 42
If one sweetener packet of Splenda, Sweet’N Low, or Equal has the same sweetness as two tablespoons of sugar, according to Table 6.2, which of the packets contains the smallest amount of the sweetener?
문제 43a
Describe the similarities and differences of the following polysaccharides:
(a) amylose and amylopectin
문제 45a
Give the name of one or more polysaccharides that matches each of the following descriptions:
(a) not digestible by humans
문제 46d
Give the name of one or more polysaccharides that matches each of the following descriptions:
(d) produces maltose during digestion
