Question 1

Which structural class of neuron is most commonly found in the central nervous system and is responsible for integrating information between sensory and motor pathways?

Accepted Answer

Multipolar neuron

Question 2

What is the equilibrium potential of an ion, and which two gradients determine it?

Accepted Answer

The membrane voltage at which the ion's concentration gradient-driven movement equals its electrical gradient-driven movement; determined by chemical and electrical gradients.

Question 3

During which phase of the action potential are voltage-gated Na$$^+$$ channels inactivated, making it impossible to generate another action potential regardless of stimulus strength?

Accepted Answer

Absolute refractory period

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials degrade with distance, while action potentials do not.

Question 5

Refer to the action potential graph. What is occurring at phase 5 (immediately after the peak of the action potential)?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated K$$^+$$ channels are opening, causing K$$^+$$ efflux.

Question 6

Which structure in the eye is responsible for the sharpest visual acuity due to its high concentration of cones?

Accepted Answer

Fovea centralis

Question 7

Trace the correct order of the visual signal pathway from the retina to the primary visual cortex.

Accepted Answer

Photoreceptor cells → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve → optic chiasma → optic tract → thalamus → primary visual cortex

Question 8

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory and balance information to the brain?

Accepted Answer

CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

Question 9

A patient is unable to constrict their pupils in response to light. Which cranial nerves are involved in the afferent and efferent limbs of the consensual pupillary reflex?

Accepted Answer

Afferent: CN II (optic); Efferent: CN III (oculomotor)

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to CRH and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?

Accepted Answer

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why rods are more sensitive to low light but have lower resolution compared to cones?

Accepted Answer

Rods have a higher convergence onto bipolar cells, increasing sensitivity but decreasing resolution.

Question 12

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by acting on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 13

A person with myopia has difficulty seeing distant objects clearly. What is the underlying cause of this condition?

Accepted Answer

The eyeball is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

Question 14

Which hormone is synthesized in the hypothalamus but secreted by the posterior pituitary and is involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of a large receptive field on the skin's sensory discrimination?

Accepted Answer

Lower sensitivity and larger minimum distance detected in two-point discrimination tests.

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter and receptor are involved in pupil constriction (miosis) mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine acting on muscarinic receptors

Question 17

Which hormone is released from the pancreas in response to high blood glucose and acts to lower blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of cranial nerve and its function in eye movement?

Accepted Answer

CN III (oculomotor): innervates four of the six extraocular muscles

BIO5 Practical 2 Study Guide – Nervous System, Action Potentials, Eye Anatomy, and Endocrine System

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