Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between atomic radius and ionic radius?

Accepted Answer

Atomic radius refers to the size of a neutral atom, while ionic radius refers to the size of an atom after it has gained or lost electrons to become an ion.

Question 2

Which element on the periodic table is the most electronegative, and what does high electronegativity mean?

Accepted Answer

Fluorine; it means the element strongly attracts electrons in a chemical bond.

Question 3

Which of the following compounds contains a polyatomic ion?

Accepted Answer

NH4NO3

Question 4

What is the correct chemical formula for ammonium sulfate?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{(NH_4$)_2SO_4}$$

Question 5

According to the HONC rules, how many bonds does nitrogen typically form in a stable molecule?

Accepted Answer

3

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why ionic radii are often different from atomic radii?

Accepted Answer

Ions have gained or lost electrons, changing the electron cloud size.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for carbon dioxide ($$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{O=C=O}$$

Question 8

A molecule of $$\mathrm{HCl} is $$described as polar. What does this mean in terms of electron distribution?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are more attracted to Cl, creating a partial negative charge on Cl and a partial positive charge on H.

Question 9

Which of the following ions is a polyatomic ion?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{NO_3$^-}$$

Question 10

What is the correct formula for potassium oxide?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{K_2O}$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a nonpolar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

Question 12

Which of the following elements is most likely to form a cation in an ionic compound?

Accepted Answer

Sodium

Question 13

What is the total number of valence electrons in a molecule of $$\mathrm{NO_2$}$$?

Accepted Answer

17

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct step when drawing a Lewis structure for a polyatomic ion?

Accepted Answer

Add or subtract electrons based on the ion's charge when counting total valence electrons.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why hydrated ionic radii are important in environmental chemistry?

Accepted Answer

Hydrated ionic radii affect how ions move through water and soil, influencing nutrient availability and pollution transport.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct formula for the acetate ion?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_2H_3O_2^-}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of ion exchange in soils, as shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

Root exudes H ions to exchange with cations on the colloid, making nutrients available for plant uptake.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of nitrogen oxides ($$\mathrm{NO_x}) $$pollution?

Accepted Answer

Formation of photochemical smog, leading to eye irritation and respiratory problems.

Question 19

Which of the following elements is an essential mineral element for higher plants?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$\mathrm{K})$$

Lecture 9: Chemical Bonding: Atomic and Ionic Radii, Polyatomic Ions, and Lewis Structures

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