Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is replicated, transcribed into RNA, and then translated into protein.

Question 2

Which of the following is a property of DNA that allows it to store genetic information efficiently?

Accepted Answer

Its double-stranded, antiparallel, and complementary base-pairing structure.

Question 3

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from ATGTTGATTTGA to ATGTAGATTTGA. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Substitution; may result in a missense or nonsense mutation.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about amino acids and protein structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids determines the primary structure of a protein.

Question 5

Which process is responsible for the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis

Question 6

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome based on the mRNA codon.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why heat can denature proteins?

Accepted Answer

Heat disrupts hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

Question 8

Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and found in the nucleus, while prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and found in the cytoplasm.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the lac operon in E. coli?

Accepted Answer

It is induced when lactose is present and glucose is absent.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a silent mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Question 11

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They provide advantages such as antibiotic resistance or virulence.

Question 13

Which of the following is a property of RNA that distinguishes it from DNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, which is caused by a single nucleotide substitution in the hemoglobin gene. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes during translation?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins by reading mRNA codons and linking amino acids.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

A single base is inserted or deleted, altering the reading frame.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of protein denaturation?

Accepted Answer

Cooking food to destroy harmful bacteria.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of DNA bases according to Chargaff’s Rule?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the trp operon in E. coli?

Accepted Answer

It is repressed when tryptophan is present.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of horizontal gene transfer by conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Direct transfer of DNA between living bacterial cells via a pilus.

The Central Dogma, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function

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