Question 1

Which hormone primarily increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the ankles and feet, persistent fatigue, and shortness of breath. Laboratory tests reveal elevated blood urea and creatinine. Which condition is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Kidney failure

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the main function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Selective reabsorption of sodium and regulation of electrolyte balance

Question 4

Which process is directly increased when ADH binds to receptors on the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Water permeability of the duct

Question 5

A patient with chronic kidney failure is at risk for which of the following complications due to the kidney's inability to filter blood effectively?

Accepted Answer

Oedema (edema)

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of kidney failure?

Accepted Answer

Hyperthyroidism

Question 7

A patient is producing very concentrated urine. Which of the following is most likely elevated in their blood?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 8

Which of the following treatments is used to artificially filter the blood in patients with severe kidney failure?

Accepted Answer

Dialysis

Question 9

A patient with kidney stones is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Severe side or back pain

Question 10

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Family history of kidney stones

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why a patient with kidney failure may develop muscle cramps and itchy skin?

Accepted Answer

Build-up of waste products in the blood

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the action of ADH on the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Increases water permeability by inserting water channels

Question 13

A patient with a history of high blood pressure and diabetes is at increased risk for which renal complication?

Accepted Answer

Kidney failure

Question 14

Which of the following is a surgical treatment option for patients with end-stage kidney failure?

Accepted Answer

Kidney transplant

Question 15

Which of the following is a likely outcome if the hypothalamus detects low water concentration in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Increased ADH release

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of lithotripsy?

Accepted Answer

Use of shock waves to break up kidney stones

Question 17

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the distal convoluted tubule?

Accepted Answer

Increased sodium reabsorption

Question 18

A patient with kidney stones is advised to drink plenty of fluids. What is the physiological reason for this recommendation?

Accepted Answer

To dilute urine and reduce stone formation

Question 19

Which of the following symptoms is most specific for kidney failure rather than kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Persistent fatigue

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the collecting duct in osmoregulation?

Accepted Answer

It reabsorbs water under hormonal control to regulate urine concentration

Urinary System: Nephron Function, Hormonal Regulation, Kidney Disorders, and Stones

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