Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 2

A patient develops a fever and shock after a Gram-negative bacterial infection. Which component of the bacterial cell wall is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin

Question 3

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria.

Question 4

Which structure allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces and is important in the formation of biofilms?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae

Question 5

A microbiologist stains a bacterial sample and observes purple cells under the microscope after a Gram stain. What can be concluded about these bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why Bacillus anthracis can survive in mail during a bioterrorist attack?

Accepted Answer

It forms endospores that are highly resistant to environmental stresses.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial capsule?

Accepted Answer

Protects bacteria from recognition by the host immune system

Question 8

A scientist is studying a cell with the following characteristics: presence of a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and cellulose in the cell wall. Which type of organism is being studied?

Accepted Answer

Plant cell

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Translate mRNA during protein synthesis

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink (plasmolysis).

Question 11

Which of the following statements about bacterial flagella is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial flagella rotate 360° to provide motility.

Question 12

Which of the following is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why bacteria do not grow in honey, maple syrup, and other foods with high sugar content?

Accepted Answer

High sugar content creates a hypertonic environment, causing water to leave bacterial cells.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing peptidoglycan for the cell wall

Question 15

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of phospholipids in the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane?

Accepted Answer

A bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They anchor peptidoglycan to the cell membrane.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why there are not many drugs that target bacterial cytoplasmic membranes?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial and eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes are structurally similar, so drugs targeting them may also harm human cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the eukaryotic Golgi body?

Accepted Answer

Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for transport within or out of the cell

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.

E1 - Ch 3: Cell Structure and Function in Microbiology: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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