Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

Which component is found in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria but not in Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Teichoic acid

Question 3

A scientist stains a bacterial sample with crystal violet and safranin. The bacteria appear pink under the microscope. What can be inferred about the cell wall structure of these bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing LPS.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the bacterial glycocalyx capsule?

Accepted Answer

It helps the cell evade the host immune system and prevents desiccation.

Question 5

Which of the following is a unique feature of Gram-negative bacteria that contributes to their increased resistance to antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 6

Which structure is responsible for the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Pilus (sex pilus)

Question 7

A bacterium is observed to move toward a chemical attractant by alternating between runs and tumbles. Which structure is primarily responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 8

Which of the following statements about peptidoglycan is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by peptide crossbridges.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why acid-fast bacteria are resistant to desiccation and many antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Their cell walls contain mycolic acids, which are waxy lipids.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of fimbriae in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Adherence to surfaces and biofilm formation

Question 11

A new antibiotic targets the synthesis of lipoteichoic acids. Which type of organism would be most affected by this antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria

Question 12

Which of the following statements correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella are surrounded by the cytoplasmic membrane and move by undulation.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of Lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It is a component of LPS and can act as an endotoxin in humans.

Question 14

A patient is infected with a bacterium that forms biofilms on medical devices. Which structure is most likely involved in the initial attachment to the device?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining procedure?

Accepted Answer

They have a thick peptidoglycan layer that traps the dye.

Question 17

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 18

A bacterium is found to have a thick, waxy cell wall that is highly resistant to drying and antibiotics. Which genus is this bacterium most likely to belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the periplasmic space in Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It is located between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Linear chains of NAG and NAM cross-linked by tetrapeptides

Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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