뒤로Chemical Principles of Microbiology: Structure, Function, and Biological Relevance
스터디 가이드 - 스마트 노트
자료에 맞춘 맞춤형 노트, 핵심 정의, 예시, 맥락을 확장해 제공합니다.
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Principles of Microbiology"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Introduction"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemistry forms the foundation of microbiology, as all living organisms are composed of chemical elements and compounds. Understanding the chemical principles underlying biological processes is essential for comprehending microbial structure, function, and metabolism."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Matter, Elements, Atoms, and Ions"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Definitions and Properties"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Matter:"},{"type":"text","text":" Anything that occupies space and has mass; exists in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Element:"},{"type":"text","text":" A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom; cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Atom:"},{"type":"text","text":" The smallest unit of an element, composed of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and surrounding electrons."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ion:"},{"type":"text","text":" An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge due to loss or gain of electrons."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Atomic Structure"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Atomic nucleus:"},{"type":"text","text":" Contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Electrons:"},{"type":"text","text":" Negatively charged particles in shells/orbitals around the nucleus."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Atomic number:"},{"type":"text","text":" Number of protons in the nucleus."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Atomic weight:"},{"type":"text","text":" Sum of protons and neutrons."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Valence electrons:"},{"type":"text","text":" Electrons in the outermost shell, available for bonding."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Isotopes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Common Elements in Living Organisms"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Element"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Symbol"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Atomic Number"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Atomic Weight"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrogen"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"H"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbon"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"6"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"12"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nitrogen"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"N"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"14"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Oxygen"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"O"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"8"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"16"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sodium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Na"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"11"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"23"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Magnesium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mg"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"12"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"24.3"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phosphorus"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"P"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"15"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"31"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sulfur"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"S"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"16"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"32.1"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chlorine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cl"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"17"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"35.5"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Potassium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"K"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"19"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"39.1"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calcium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ca"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"20"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"40.1"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iron"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fe"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"26"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"55.8"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cobalt"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Co"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"27"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"58.9"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Copper"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cu"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"29"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"63.5"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Zinc"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Zn"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"30"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"65.4"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iodine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"I"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"53"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"126.9"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ions and Electrolytes"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cation:"},{"type":"text","text":" Positively charged ion (e.g., Na+, K+)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Anion:"},{"type":"text","text":" Negatively charged ion (e.g., Cl-, SO42-)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Electrolyte:"},{"type":"text","text":" Substance that dissociates into ions in solution, conducting electricity."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Homeostasis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Maintenance of internal electrolyte balance, essential for cell function."}]}]}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cations"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anions"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sodium (Na+)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chloride (Cl-)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Potassium (K+)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bicarbonate (HCO3-)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calcium (Ca2+)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phosphate (PO43-)"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Magnesium (Mg2+)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sulfate (SO42-)"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Bonds and Molecules"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Types of Chemical Bonds"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Covalent bonds:"},{"type":"text","text":" Electrons are shared between atoms; strongest bond. Can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ionic bonds:"},{"type":"text","text":" Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, forming charged ions held together by electrostatic attraction."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hydrogen bonds:"},{"type":"text","text":" Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom (slightly positive) and an electronegative atom (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Van der Waals forces:"},{"type":"text","text":" Weakest intermolecular forces, important for molecular specificity and selectivity."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bond Strength Ranking:"},{"type":"text","text":" Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen > Van der Waals"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Functional Groups"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Functional Group"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Formula"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acetyl"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CH3"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ethyl"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C2H5"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aldehyde"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CHO"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydroxyl"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OH"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NH2"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Keto"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CO"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carboxyl"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"COOH"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phosphate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"PO4"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sulfate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SO4"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Reactions"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Types of Reactions"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Dehydration synthesis (condensation):"},{"type":"text","text":" Formation of polymers from monomers by removal of water; anabolic and energy-requiring."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hydrolysis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Breakdown of polymers into monomers by addition of water; catabolic and energy-releasing."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Exergonic reactions:"},{"type":"text","text":" Release energy (e.g., hydrolysis)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Endergonic reactions:"},{"type":"text","text":" Require energy input (e.g., dehydration synthesis)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Redox reactions:"},{"type":"text","text":" Involve transfer of electrons; oxidation (loss of electrons), reduction (gain of electrons)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Exchange reactions:"},{"type":"text","text":" Components of reactants are rearranged to form new products."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Example (Redox):"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\mathrm{Ca} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{Ca}^{2+} + 2e^{-}"}},{"type":"text","text":" (Oxidation)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\mathrm{Cl}_2 + 2e^{-} \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{Cl}^{-}"}},{"type":"text","text":" (Reduction)"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chemical Notation"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rules and Examples"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Element symbol:"},{"type":"text","text":" Represents one atom (e.g., H, O, C)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prefix:"},{"type":"text","text":" Number before symbol indicates number of atoms (e.g., 2H)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Subscript:"},{"type":"text","text":" Number after symbol indicates number of atoms in molecule (e.g., H2)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Superscript:"},{"type":"text","text":" Indicates charge (e.g., Na+, Cl-)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Balanced equation:"},{"type":"text","text":" Number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Example:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"2\\mathrm{H}_2 + \\mathrm{O}_2 \\rightarrow 2\\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}"}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\mathrm{NaOH} + \\mathrm{HCl} \\rightarrow \\mathrm{NaCl} + \\mathrm{H}_2\\mathrm{O}"}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acids, Bases, Salts, and the pH Scale"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Definitions"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Acid:"},{"type":"text","text":" Releases H+ ions; proton donor."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Base:"},{"type":"text","text":" Releases OH- ions; proton acceptor."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"pH:"},{"type":"text","text":" Negative logarithm of H+ concentration; scale from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 as neutral."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Buffer:"},{"type":"text","text":" Stabilizes pH by absorbing H+ or OH- ions."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"pH Formula:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\mathrm{pH} = -\\log_{10}[\\mathrm{H}^+]"}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Salts"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Formed by reaction of acids and bases."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dissociate in water to form electrolytes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Can be classified by their cations and anions."}]}]}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anion"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Formula"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cation"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Formula"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acetate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CH3COO-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ammonium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NH4+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbonate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CO32-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Calcium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ca2+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chloride"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cl-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Iron"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fe2+, Fe3+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydroxide"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OH-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Magnesium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Mg2+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nitrate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"NO3-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Potassium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"K+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phosphate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"PO43-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sodium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Na+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Sulfate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SO42-"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pyridinium"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"C5H5NH+"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Water: Properties and Biological Importance"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Physical and Chemical Properties"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Exists as liquid, solid, and gas."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Polar molecule; forms hydrogen bonds."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"High cohesion and surface tension."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Universal solvent; dissolves many substances."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Essential for hydrolysis and metabolic reactions."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Solutions and Tonicity"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solvent:"},{"type":"text","text":" Substance (e.g., water) that dissolves solutes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solute:"},{"type":"text","text":" Substance dissolved in solvent."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Solution:"},{"type":"text","text":" Homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Isotonic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Equal solute concentration inside and outside cell; no change in cell volume."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hypertonic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Higher solute concentration outside cell; cell loses water and shrinks."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hypotonic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Lower solute concentration outside cell; cell gains water and may burst."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hydrophilic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Water-loving; soluble in water (e.g., glucose, amino acids)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hydrophobic:"},{"type":"text","text":" Water-repelling; insoluble in water (e.g., lipids)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organic Molecules"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"General Properties"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Contain carbon and hydrogen."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Form chains or rings (hydrocarbon backbone)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Major types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids."}]}]}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organic Molecule"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monomer"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrates"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharides"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proteins"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino acids"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lipids"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycerol and fatty acids"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleic acids"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleotides"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrates"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Monosaccharides:"},{"type":"text","text":" Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, ribose)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Disaccharides:"},{"type":"text","text":" Two monosaccharides joined (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Polysaccharides:"},{"type":"text","text":" Many monosaccharides; storage (starch, glycogen) or structural (cellulose)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ratio of C:H:O is typically 1:2:1."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proteins"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monomers: "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Amino acids"},{"type":"text","text":" (20 types)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Contain amino group, carboxyl group, and variable R group."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Peptide bonds link amino acids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Levels of structure: primary (sequence), secondary (α helix, β sheet), tertiary (folded), quaternary (multiple polypeptides)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Functions: structural support, enzymes, hormones, receptors, antibodies, etc."}]}]}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino Acid"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Abbreviation"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Alanine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ala"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Leucine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Leu"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Arginine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Arg"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lysine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lys"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Asparagine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Asn"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Methionine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Met"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aspartic acid"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Asp"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phenylalanine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Phe"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cysteine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Cys"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Proline"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Pro"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glutamic acid"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glu"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Serine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ser"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glutamine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gln"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Threonine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Thr"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gly"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tryptophan"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Trp"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Histidine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"His"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tyrosine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tyr"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Isoleucine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ile"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Valine"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Val"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lipids"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrophobic molecules; soluble in organic solvents."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Triglycerides:"},{"type":"text","text":" Glycerol + 3 fatty acids; energy storage."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Phospholipids:"},{"type":"text","text":" Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate; major component of cell membranes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Steroids:"},{"type":"text","text":" Four fused carbon rings; includes cholesterol, hormones."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prostaglandins:"},{"type":"text","text":" Fatty acid + cyclic group; local hormones, regulatory functions."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Saturated:"},{"type":"text","text":" No double bonds; solid at room temperature (animal fats)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Unsaturated:"},{"type":"text","text":" One or more double bonds; liquid at room temperature (plant oils)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nucleic Acids"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monomers: "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nucleotides"},{"type":"text","text":" (phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen base)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"DNA:"},{"type":"text","text":" Double helix; deoxyribose sugar; bases A, T, G, C; stores genetic information."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"RNA:"},{"type":"text","text":" Single strand; ribose sugar; bases A, U, G, C; involved in protein synthesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"ATP:"},{"type":"text","text":" Energy molecule; transfers energy within cells."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Complementary Base Pairing:"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T); Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"RNA: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U); Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C)."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Summary Table: Key Concepts"}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Concept"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Definition/Example"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Matter"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anything with mass and volume"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Atom"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Smallest unit of element"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ion"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Charged atom/molecule"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Covalent bond"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Shared electrons; strong"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ionic bond"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Transferred electrons; moderate strength"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hydrogen bond"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Weak attraction; important for water, DNA"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Van der Waals"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Weakest; molecular specificity"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acid"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Releases H+"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Base"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Releases OH-"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"pH"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Measures acidity/alkalinity"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Carbohydrate"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Protein"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amino acid polymer; structure/function"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null,"align":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"t