Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a single flagellum at one end. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Monotrichous and polar

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx (capsule or slime layer)?

Accepted Answer

Protection against phagocytosis and desiccation

Question 4

Which of the following statements about peptidoglycan is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It consists of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by peptide cross-bridges.

Question 5

A patient is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Which cell wall characteristic makes this bacterium resistant to many chemicals and dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

Question 6

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 7

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 8

Which of the following structures is responsible for bacterial conjugation and DNA transfer between cells?

Accepted Answer

Pili

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 10

Which of the following is a key feature of endospores?

Accepted Answer

They allow bacteria to survive adverse conditions.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 12

Which of the following statements about plasmids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are small, circular DNA molecules that can be transferred between bacteria.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of cocci in a 'staphylococci' formation?

Accepted Answer

Clusters

Question 14

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the composition of the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 17

A bacterium with a peritrichous arrangement of flagella would be expected to:

Accepted Answer

Have flagella distributed over the entire cell surface

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Adhesion to surfaces and cells

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration via a carrier protein, without energy input

Question 20

Which of the following is a unique feature of Mycoplasma species?

Accepted Answer

Absence of a cell wall and presence of sterols in the membrane

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Morphology

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