Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between correlation and causation?

Accepted Answer

Correlation allows us to use one variable to predict another, while causation means one event triggers another.

Question 2

Suppose you observe that ice cream sales and outside temperature both increase together. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation?

Accepted Answer

There is a correlation between ice cream sales and temperature, but this does not imply causation.

Question 3

A study finds that cities with more police officers tend to have higher crime rates. Which of the following best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

There may be reverse causality: higher crime rates lead to hiring more police officers.

Question 4

If wages and education are positively correlated, but experience is not accounted for, what is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Omitted variable bias.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of using correlation to make predictions?

Accepted Answer

Using the relationship between outside temperature and ice cream sales to forecast future sales.

Question 6

What is an omitted variable, and why is it important in interpreting economic data?

Accepted Answer

A variable that affects both variables being studied, potentially leading to misleading conclusions if ignored.

Question 7

Which scenario best illustrates reverse causality?

Accepted Answer

Believing that hiring more police officers increases crime, when in fact higher crime rates lead to hiring more police officers.

Question 8

Suppose a researcher finds a positive correlation between education and wages. Which of the following could be an omitted variable that explains this relationship?

Accepted Answer

Experience.

Question 9

If two variables are correlated, which of the following must be true?

Accepted Answer

There is a predictable relationship between the two variables.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about causation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Causation means that a change in one variable directly triggers a change in another.

Question 11

A city observes that as the number of police officers increases, crime rates also increase. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Higher crime rates lead to hiring more police officers (reverse causality).

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a positive correlation?

Accepted Answer

As one variable increases, the other also increases.

Question 13

If a study finds a correlation between two variables, what should be the next step before concluding causation?

Accepted Answer

Investigate for possible omitted variables and reverse causality.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of omitted variable bias?

Accepted Answer

Ignoring experience when analyzing the relationship between education and wages.

Question 15

Suppose you want to determine if education causes higher wages. Which of the following would strengthen your conclusion?

Accepted Answer

Controlling for experience and other possible omitted variables.

Interpreting Graphs: Correlation, Causation, and Omitted Variables

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