A nutritionist uses a standard EER formula to counsel a client who then gains weight despite following the calculated kcal target. Which critical appraisal best explains why this occurred and how to proceed?

The only solution is to double the prescribed calories because EERs always underestimate energy needs for adults, regardless of individual differences.

The client must have intentionally misreported intake; formulas are exact and any deviation can only be due to dishonest behavior, so no formula adjustments are needed.

Weight gain indicates the EER calculation was invalid for that sex and should be discarded in favor of the EAR as a replacement for daily energy targets.

Population-based EER formulas provide estimates that may not account for individual metabolic differences or reporting error; the nutritionist should verify reported intake and activity and adjust calories based on observed weight change over time.