How do puberty-driven growth spurts primarily change macronutrient requirements compared with earlier childhood?

They lower carbohydrate needs because adolescents become more insulin sensitive during puberty and therefore require fewer carbs than younger children.

They increase total energy needs and maintain similar carbohydrate proportions while protein needs move closer to adult per-kg recommendations and fat remains 25–35% of energy.

They eliminate the need for increased micronutrient intake because growth is primarily soft-tissue and does not require extra vitamins or minerals.

They drastically increase protein needs above adult levels requiring at least 2 g/kg body weight to support muscle and bone growth during adolescence.