Question 1

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the initial metabolism of ethanol in the human body, and what is the main product of this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH); acetaldehyde

Question 2

A 60-year-old woman is advised by her doctor to consume moderate amounts of alcohol. What is a potential benefit of this recommendation, according to current evidence?

Accepted Answer

It may decrease her risk of heart disease.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the energy yield of ethanol and how it compares to carbohydrates and fats?

Accepted Answer

Ethanol provides 7 kcal/gram, which is more than carbohydrates but less than fats.

Question 4

A patient with a history of excessive alcohol intake develops irreversible liver damage. Which stage of liver disease is this most likely to represent?

Accepted Answer

Cirrhosis

Question 5

Which metabolic pathway is used when alcohol intake is excessive and the primary pathway is saturated?

Accepted Answer

Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS)

Question 6

Which of the following statements about vitamins is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are organic compounds that can be destroyed by heat, light, and chemicals.

Question 7

A person switches from drinking milk in clear bottles to milk in cardboard cartons. What vitamin is this change most likely intended to protect, and why?

Accepted Answer

Riboflavin (B2); because it is sensitive to light

Question 8

Which vitamin deficiency is most directly associated with the development of rickets in children?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 9

A pregnant woman is advised to increase her intake of a certain vitamin to prevent neural tube defects in her baby. Which vitamin is this, and what is a common food source?

Accepted Answer

Folic acid (folate); leafy green vegetables

Question 10

Which of the following statements about fat-soluble vitamins is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are stored in body fat and can be toxic in large amounts.

Question 11

Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant by donating an electron to stabilize oxygen, and what is a major dietary source?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin E; vegetable oils and nuts

Question 12

A patient presents with macrocytic anemia. Which two vitamins could be deficient, and which one is only found naturally in animal products?

Accepted Answer

Folate and vitamin B12; vitamin B12 is only found in animal products

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process and location of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, is anaerobic, and splits glucose into pyruvate.

Question 14

Which vitamin can be made from the amino acid tryptophan if needed, and what is a possible side effect of consuming too much of it?

Accepted Answer

Niacin (B3); flushing of the skin

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the energy stored in ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Adenosine\sim Phosphate\sim Phosphate\sim Phosphate}$$

Question 16

Which vitamin is most likely to be lost when rinsing fruits and vegetables with water, and why?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C; it is water-soluble

Question 17

A person consumes a diet high in beta-carotene from carrots and pumpkin pie. Which vitamin is this a precursor for, and what is the term for this type of vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A; provitamin

Question 18

Which of the following statements about water-soluble vitamins is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are excreted in urine when consumed in excess.

Question 19

Which vitamin is necessary for the production of Acetyl CoA, the gateway chemical for the TCA cycle?

Accepted Answer

Pantothenic acid

Question 20

A person is at increased risk for vitamin toxicity. Which class of vitamins is most likely responsible, and why?

Accepted Answer

Fat-soluble vitamins; they are stored in body fat and not readily excreted

Alcohol, Energy Metabolism, and Vitamins: Study Guide (Chapters 7-10)

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