Q: A food label lists the following per serving: 10g fat, 30g carbohydrate, and 5g protein. Calculate the total calories per serving using the Atwater factors.

$$10 \times 9 + 30 \times 4 + 5 \times 4 = 90 + 120 + 20 = 230$$ calories

Q: A person consumes 2,500 kcal per day. According to the AMDR, what is the recommended range (in grams) for daily carbohydrate intake?

$$2,500 \times 0.45 \div 4 = 281.25 g to$$ $$2,500 \times 0.65 \div 4 = 406.25 g$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between an epidemiological study and a controlled trial in nutrition research?

Accepted Answer

An epidemiological study observes associations in populations, while a controlled trial manipulates variables to test cause and effect.

Question 2

A food label lists the following per serving: 10g fat, 30g carbohydrate, and 5g protein. Calculate the total calories per serving using the Atwater factors.

Accepted Answer

$$10 	imes 9 + 30 	imes 4 + 5 	imes 4 = 90 + 120 + 20 = 230$$ calories

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) is correct?

Accepted Answer

AMDR provides a range of intake for each macronutrient associated with reduced risk of chronic disease.

Question 4

A patient is experiencing fatigue, muscle weakness, and confusion. Blood tests reveal low sodium levels. Which of the following best explains the physiological role of sodium in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Sodium is a major extracellular cation essential for fluid balance and nerve transmission.

Question 5

Which of the following foods is the best source of heme iron, and why is heme iron more efficiently absorbed than non-heme iron?

Accepted Answer

Chicken breast; heme iron is absorbed via a specific transporter in the intestine.

Question 6

Which hormone is primarily responsible for reducing hunger, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Leptin, produced in adipose tissue

Question 7

A person consumes 2,500 kcal per day. According to the AMDR, what is the recommended range (in grams) for daily carbohydrate intake?

Accepted Answer

$$2,500 	imes 0.45 \div 4 = 281.25 g to$$ $$2,500 	imes 0.65 \div 4 = 406.25 g$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why trans fats are considered unhealthy?

Accepted Answer

They increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of vitamin C in the body?

Accepted Answer

It is required for collagen synthesis and acts as an antioxidant.

Question 10

A patient presents with night blindness and frequent infections. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is a major food source?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A; liver

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the TCA (Krebs) cycle in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

It generates ATP, NADH, and FADH$$_2$$ from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about water-soluble vitamins is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are absorbed directly into the blood and excess is excreted in urine.

Question 13

A 45-year-old male is diagnosed with hypertension. Which mineral should he reduce in his diet to help manage his condition?

Accepted Answer

Sodium

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why protein quality is important in the diet?

Accepted Answer

High-quality proteins contain all essential amino acids in adequate amounts.

Question 15

Which of the following is a primary function of vitamin D in the body?

Accepted Answer

Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine.

Question 16

A patient is found to have a vitamin B12 deficiency. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be present?

Accepted Answer

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between major and trace minerals?

Accepted Answer

Major minerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day; trace minerals are required in smaller amounts.

Question 18

Which of the following dietary patterns is most helpful to promote a healthy weight and reduce chronic disease risk?

Accepted Answer

Emphasis on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why vitamin K is essential for health?

Accepted Answer

It is required for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.

Question 20

A person is trying to increase their calcium intake to support bone health. Which of the following foods is the best source?

Accepted Answer

Milk

Comprehensive Nutrition Study Guide: Key Concepts and Review

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