Q: A food label lists the following per serving: Total fat 9g, Saturated fat 3g, Trans fat 0g. If the food provides 200 kcal per serving, what percentage of calories comes from fat? (Use $$1\ \text{g fat} = 9\ \text{kcal})$$

$$9\ \text{g} \times 9\ \text{kcal/g} = 81\ \text{kcal}$$; $$81/200 \times 100 = 40.5\%$$

Q: A 70 kg adult requires $$0.8\ \text{g}$$ protein per kg body weight per day. How much protein should this person consume daily?

$$70\ \text{kg} \times 0.8\ \text{g/kg} = 56\ \text{g}$$

Q: A person loses 2 pounds during a workout. According to hydration guidelines, how much water should they consume to replace the loss? (1 pound = 16 fluid ounces)

$$2 \times 16 = 32$$ fluid ounces

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between condensation and hydrolysis reactions in carbohydrate metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Condensation reactions remove water to form bonds between monosaccharides, while hydrolysis reactions add water to break these bonds.

Question 2

A patient with type 1 diabetes is experiencing hypoglycemia. Which hormone is primarily responsible for raising their blood glucose levels in this situation?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 3

Which of the following is a health benefit specifically associated with soluble fiber?

Accepted Answer

Lowering blood cholesterol by binding bile acids in the intestine

Question 4

A food contains 30 grams of carbohydrate, 5 grams of fiber, and 10 grams of added sugar per serving. According to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), what is the minimum recommended daily intake of carbohydrate for adults?

Accepted Answer

$$130\ 	ext{g}$$

Question 5

Which of the following statements about high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is correct?

Accepted Answer

HFCS is a common added sugar in processed foods and contains both glucose and fructose.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with diverticulitis. Which dietary recommendation is most appropriate during the acute phase?

Accepted Answer

Follow a low-fiber diet until inflammation subsides.

Question 7

Which lipoprotein is primarily responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, and is associated with increased risk of heart disease when elevated?

Accepted Answer

LDL

Question 8

Which of the following fatty acids is considered essential and must be obtained from the diet?

Accepted Answer

Linoleic acid

Question 9

A food label lists the following per serving: Total fat 9g, Saturated fat 3g, Trans fat 0g. If the food provides 200 kcal per serving, what percentage of calories comes from fat? (Use $$1\ 	ext{g fat} = 9\ 	ext{kcal})$$

Accepted Answer

$$9\ 	ext{g} 	imes 9\ 	ext{kcal/g} = 81\ 	ext{kcal}$$; $$81/200 	imes 100 = 40.5\%$$

Question 10

Which process describes the addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the formation of trans fats?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogenation

Question 11

Which of the following is a complete protein source?

Accepted Answer

Quinoa

Question 12

A 70 kg adult requires $$0.8\ 	ext{g}$$ protein per kg body weight per day. How much protein should this person consume daily?

Accepted Answer

$$70\ 	ext{kg} 	imes 0.8\ 	ext{g/kg} = 56\ 	ext{g}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of deamination in amino acid metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Removing an amino group from an amino acid, producing ammonia and a carbon skeleton

Question 14

A child presents with edema, an enlarged fatty liver, and severe protein deficiency but adequate energy intake. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Kwashiorkor

Question 15

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the first step of alcohol metabolism in the stomach and liver?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 16

A woman consumes 3 standard drinks in one hour. Which factor will most likely increase her blood alcohol concentration (BAC) compared to a man of the same weight?

Accepted Answer

Lower body water percentage

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland to conserve water by reducing urine output?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

Question 18

A person loses 2 pounds during a workout. According to hydration guidelines, how much water should they consume to replace the loss? (1 pound = 16 fluid ounces)

Accepted Answer

$$2 	imes 16 = 32$$ fluid ounces

Question 19

Which of the following is a sign of hyponatremia?

Accepted Answer

Muscle cramps, confusion, and seizures

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why caffeine acts as a diuretic?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the action of ADH, leading to increased urine output.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Alcohol, and Water

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