Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of pepsin in protein digestion?

Accepted Answer

Pepsin breaks peptide bonds between amino acids in the stomach, initiating protein hydrolysis.

Question 2

A patient is following a vegan diet and is concerned about getting enough complete proteins. Which food combination would best provide all essential amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Brown rice and black beans

Question 3

Which hormone is released from fat cells and signals long-term satiety to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 4

A 70 kg endurance athlete is planning her daily protein intake. According to recommendations, how many grams of protein should she consume per day?

Accepted Answer

$$70 \times 1.2 = 84$$ grams

Question 5

Which of the following statements about fat cell (adipocyte) behavior during weight loss is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fat cells shrink in size, but the number of fat cells remains the same.

Question 6

Which vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and bone health, and is often added to fortified foods?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 7

A patient presents with muscle cramps, confusion, and irregular heartbeat. Lab results show low sodium levels. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 8

Which process describes the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why plant-based sources of iron are less efficiently absorbed than animal-based sources?

Accepted Answer

Plant iron is in the non-heme form, which is less efficiently absorbed.

Question 10

A person consumes a meal high in protein and fat but low in carbohydrates. Which energy source will the body prefer to use first?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate, but if unavailable, the body will use protein only when fat is low

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of vitamin C?

Accepted Answer

Collagen synthesis and antioxidant activity

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of LPL (lipoprotein lipase) in fat metabolism?

Accepted Answer

LPL pulls fat from the blood into fat cells for storage.

Question 13

A patient is experiencing symptoms of fatigue, poor immunity, and abnormal growth. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of vitamins, leading to loss of enzyme function

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why protein is important for fluid balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Proteins attract fluid and keep it in the vessels by exerting osmotic pressure.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between hunger and appetite?

Accepted Answer

Hunger is a physiological need for food, while appetite is a psychological desire for food.

Question 16

A person is experiencing muscle loss during a period of illness. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Muscle protein breakdown exceeds muscle protein synthesis, leading to atrophy.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of deamination in amino acid metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Deamination removes the amino group from an amino acid, allowing the carbon skeleton to be used for energy.

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

They are absorbed directly into the blood and excess amounts are excreted in urine.

Question 19

A person is experiencing increased hunger and weight gain, despite high levels of leptin. Which of the following best explains this scenario?

Accepted Answer

The person is experiencing leptin resistance, so the brain does not respond to leptin's satiety signal.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in appetite regulation?

Accepted Answer

CCK is released from the small intestine and reduces appetite after meals.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Proteins, Energy Balance, and Vitamins in Nutrition

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