Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of antioxidants in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They neutralize free radicals to prevent cellular damage.

Question 2

A 65-year-old patient is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which mineral is most directly involved in the prevention of this condition, and what is its primary role?

Accepted Answer

Calcium; it is a major structural component of bones and teeth.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why vitamin K is essential for human health?

Accepted Answer

It is necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.

Question 4

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and spoon-shaped nails. Which micronutrient deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the best dietary source to recommend?

Accepted Answer

Iron; recommend lean red meat.

Question 5

Which of the following cooking methods best preserves the vitamin C content in vegetables?

Accepted Answer

Steaming for a short duration.

Question 6

A 30-year-old woman is planning a pregnancy. Which nutrient is most critical to prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus, and what is the recommended daily intake?

Accepted Answer

Folic acid; 400 micrograms

Question 7

Which of the following statements about bioavailability is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bioavailability is the proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed and utilized by the body.

Question 8

A patient with hypertension is advised to follow the DASH diet. Which of the following is a key recommendation of this diet?

Accepted Answer

Emphasize fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products.

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Accepted Answer

$$ BMI = \frac{weight\ (kg)}{height\ (m)^2} $$

Question 10

A 2-month-old infant is diagnosed with failure to thrive (FTT). Which of the following is the most likely nutritional cause?

Accepted Answer

Inadequate caloric intake.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

It facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between mother and fetus.

Question 12

A patient with Wilson's disease is advised to avoid foods high in which mineral, and why?

Accepted Answer

Copper; because the body cannot properly excrete it.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fat-soluble vitamins require dietary fat for absorption.

Question 14

A 45-year-old man is diagnosed with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Which dietary modification is most likely to improve his condition?

Accepted Answer

Reduce total caloric intake and increase physical activity.

Question 15

Which of the following is a common effect of chronic alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 16

A 70-year-old woman is experiencing decreased appetite and unintentional weight loss. Which age-related change is most likely contributing to her nutritional status?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sense of taste and smell.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of electrolytes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They help maintain fluid balance and transmit nerve impulses.

Question 18

A patient is found to have goiter. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Iodine; synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Question 19

Which of the following is a recommended strategy to reduce sodium intake in the typical American diet?

Accepted Answer

Choose fresh fruits and vegetables over canned varieties.

Question 20

A 25-year-old male athlete is concerned about dehydration during intense exercise. Which equation best estimates his fluid needs based on body weight?

Accepted Answer

$$ Fluid\ Needs\ (mL) = 35 	imes Body\ Weight\ (kg) $$

Comprehensive Study Notes: Vitamins, Minerals, Digestion, Life Cycle Nutrition, and Food Safety

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