Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the production of ATP from glucose during cellular respiration?

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly represents the hierarchy of biological organization in the human body, from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism

Question 2

Which enzyme is responsible for the initial breakdown of starch in the mouth?

Accepted Answer

Salivary amylase

Question 3

What is the primary function of the stomach’s hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Accepted Answer

To kill bacteria and denature proteins

Question 4

Which hormone is released in response to acid in the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Secretin

Question 5

A patient has their gallbladder removed. Which dietary modification is most important for them?

Accepted Answer

Monitor and reduce fat intake per meal

Question 6

Which of the following best describes peristalsis?

Accepted Answer

The rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle to propel food through the GI tract

Question 7

Which structure in the small intestine increases surface area for absorption?

Accepted Answer

Villi and microvilli

Question 8

Which metabolic pathway is responsible for converting glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into ATP?

Accepted Answer

Cellular respiration

Question 9

A patient presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Biopsy reveals damage to the villi of the small intestine. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Celiac disease

Question 10

Which of the following nutrients are absorbed via the lymphatic system rather than directly into the blood?

Accepted Answer

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and some vitamins

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics can sometimes cause digestive upset?

Accepted Answer

They disrupt the balance of intestinal microbiota

Question 13

A patient with Crohn’s disease is most likely to have inflammation in which part of the digestive tract?

Accepted Answer

Any part of the GI tract, especially the ileum

Question 14

Which of the following is a common cause of peptic ulcers?

Accepted Answer

Helicobacter pylori infection

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the production of ATP from glucose during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of bile in digestion?

Accepted Answer

It emulsifies fats to aid in their digestion

Question 17

A patient is experiencing frequent, watery stools and dehydration. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water in the large intestine

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the immune function of the gastrointestinal tract is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytes and lymphocytes in the GI tract help protect against antigens

Question 19

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of ulcerative colitis compared to Crohn’s disease?

Accepted Answer

It affects only the innermost lining of the colon

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why a diet rich in prebiotics can benefit gut health?

Accepted Answer

Prebiotics serve as food for beneficial gut bacteria, promoting a healthy microbiota

Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism: A Comprehensive Study Guide

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