Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between intracellular and extracellular electrolytes?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular electrolytes are mainly potassium and phosphate, while extracellular electrolytes are primarily sodium and chloride.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness, bone pain, and frequent fractures. Blood tests reveal low serum calcium and vitamin D levels. Which of the following best explains the relationship between vitamin D and calcium in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium in the intestines; deficiency leads to decreased calcium absorption.

Question 3

Which of the following foods is the richest source of beta-carotene?

Accepted Answer

Carrots

Question 4

A 25-year-old athlete collapses during a marathon on a hot day. He is confused, has a rapid pulse, and is not sweating. Which condition is he most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Heat stroke

Question 5

Which of the following statements about antioxidants is correct?

Accepted Answer

Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, reducing cellular damage.

Question 6

Which mineral is a major component of bone and also plays a key role in energy metabolism as part of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorus

Question 7

A person with a diet high in processed foods is most likely to have high intake of which electrolyte, and what is a potential health consequence?

Accepted Answer

Sodium; increased risk of hypertension

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of osteoclasts in bone development?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 9

Which of the following is a pro-vitamin, and what does this term mean?

Accepted Answer

Beta-carotene; a compound that can be converted into an active vitamin in the body

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. Which of the following dietary changes would most effectively increase their iron absorption?

Accepted Answer

Consume heme iron sources such as red meat and pair non-heme iron sources with vitamin C-rich foods.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Regulates body temperature through sweating and evaporation

Question 12

Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 13

A person is experiencing confusion, muscle cramps, and rapid heartbeat after excessive sweating during exercise. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 14

Which of the following best explains how the concentration of electrolytes affects water movement across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from areas of low electrolyte concentration to areas of high electrolyte concentration by osmosis.

Question 15

Which of the following is a major function of iodine in the body?

Accepted Answer

Essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 16

Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk for vitamin C deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A person who smokes cigarettes and rarely eats fresh fruits or vegetables

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between heme and non-heme iron?

Accepted Answer

Heme iron is found in animal foods and is more readily absorbed than non-heme iron from plant foods.

Question 18

Which of the following dietary patterns would best help maintain normal blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Low sodium, high potassium diet

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of leukocytes?

Accepted Answer

Defending the body against pathogens and foreign substances

Question 20

A pregnant woman is advised to take folic acid supplements to prevent which of the following conditions in her baby?

Accepted Answer

Neural tube defects

Exam 3 Review: Nutrients, Electrolytes, Antioxidants, and Body Functions

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