Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between solute, solvent, and solution?

$$\text{Solute} + \text{Solvent} = \text{Solution}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why water is considered an excellent solvent in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules have partial charges that allow them to surround and dissolve ions and polar molecules.

Question 2

A patient is admitted to the hospital with symptoms of confusion, muscle cramps, and irregular heartbeat after several days of vomiting and diarrhea. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 3

Which of the following foods would be most effective in increasing potassium intake for a Canadian adult who consumes mostly processed foods?

Accepted Answer

Fresh spinach

Question 4

If a person consumes a diet very high in sodium but does not increase their water intake, what is the most likely physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood pressure due to fluid retention

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between solute, solvent, and solution?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Solute} + 	ext{Solvent} = 	ext{Solution}$$

Question 6

A marathon runner collapses on a hot day after drinking large amounts of water but not replacing electrolytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 7

Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to low blood volume and high solute concentration, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Sodium is highest in extracellular fluid; potassium is highest in intracellular fluid.

Question 9

A food label states that a product contains 120 mg of sodium per serving. According to Canadian labeling regulations, which claim can this product make?

Accepted Answer

"Low sodium"

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios would most likely increase a person's daily water requirement?

Accepted Answer

Consuming a high-protein diet and exercising in hot weather

Question 11

Which of the following is a major function of chloride in the body?

Accepted Answer

Major negative extracellular ion

Question 12

A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance if potassium intake is not carefully monitored?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkalemia

Question 13

If a person’s water intake consistently exceeds water loss, which of the following conditions may develop?

Accepted Answer

Water intoxication leading to hyponatremia

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why infants and athletes are at higher risk for dehydration?

Accepted Answer

They have higher water needs and greater water losses.

Question 15

Which of the following is the recommended Adequate Intake (AI) for water for adult males according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

$$3.7$$ liters/day

Question 16

A person with hypertension is advised to reduce sodium intake to below which value to help lower blood pressure risk?

Accepted Answer

$$1,500 mg/$$day

Question 17

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the movement of water across cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 18

If a person’s diet is high in processed foods and low in fruits and vegetables, which electrolyte imbalance are they most at risk for?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption.

Question 20

A person experiences muscle cramps, confusion, and poor appetite after starting a new diuretic medication. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Water, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Phosphorus

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