Question 1

Which of the following best explains why fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity than water-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and adipose tissue, while water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine.

Question 2

A patient presents with night blindness and frequent respiratory infections. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is a key food source to recommend?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A; recommend liver or orange vegetables like carrots.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about antioxidants is correct?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene act as antioxidants by neutralizing free radicals.

Question 4

Which factor would most likely decrease the vitamin content of fresh spinach during storage?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to light and oxygen.

Question 5

A vegan patient is diagnosed with macrocytic anemia. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely, and what is a key factor in its absorption?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; intrinsic factor is required for absorption.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of calcium, helping maintain blood calcium levels.

Question 7

A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with confusion, ataxia, and eye movement abnormalities. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely, and what is the syndrome called?

Accepted Answer

Thiamin (B1); Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 8

Which of the following minerals is emphasized in the DASH diet and is known to help lower blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Question 9

Which of the following statements about iron absorption is correct?

Accepted Answer

Heme iron from animal sources is more bioavailable than nonheme iron from plant sources.

Question 10

A patient is taking high-dose niacin supplements to lower cholesterol. Which adverse effect should you monitor for?

Accepted Answer

Flushing and liver toxicity

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why individuals with low stomach acid are at increased risk for certain mineral deficiencies?

Accepted Answer

Low stomach acid reduces the solubility and absorption of minerals such as iron and calcium.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of vitamin K?

Accepted Answer

Activating proteins involved in blood clotting.

Question 13

A patient presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely, and what is the classic name for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Niacin (B3); Pellagra.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about dietary supplements is correct?

Accepted Answer

Supplements may benefit individuals with specific deficiencies but are not essential for everyone.

Question 15

Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Low calcium intake, advanced age, and physical inactivity.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between folate and folic acid?

Accepted Answer

Folate is the naturally occurring form in foods, while folic acid is the synthetic form used in supplements and fortified foods.

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation for Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Accepted Answer

$$ BMI = \frac{	ext{weight (kg)}}{[	ext{height (m)}]^2} $$

Question 18

A patient is found to have microcytic anemia. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely, and what is a classic laboratory finding?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency; low hemoglobin and small red blood cells.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the regulation of dietary supplements in the United States is correct?

Accepted Answer

Supplements are regulated as foods, not drugs, and do not require FDA approval before marketing.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of hepcidin in iron metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Hepcidin decreases intestinal iron absorption by degrading ferroportin.

Micronutrients: Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Water-Soluble Vitamins, Major and Trace Minerals

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