Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for calcium for adults aged 19–50 years?

$$\text{RDA}_{\text{Ca}^{2+}} = 1,000\ \text{mg/day}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of bone remodeling throughout the human lifespan?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is the process where osteoclasts break down bone and osteoblasts build new bone, occurring throughout life.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle spasms and convulsions. Laboratory results show elevated serum phosphorus. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Kidney disease leading to phosphorus toxicity

Question 3

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is its primary effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone

Question 4

Which of the following foods provides the highest amount of calcium per serving, based on the provided images?

Accepted Answer

Sardines, canned – 3 oz

Question 5

A 55-year-old postmenopausal woman undergoes a DEXA scan. What does a T-score from this scan represent?

Accepted Answer

Her bone density compared to a healthy 30-year-old adult

Question 6

Which of the following nutrients is a cofactor for over 300 enzyme systems and is primarily found in green leafy vegetables, nuts, and whole grains?

Accepted Answer

Magnesium

Question 7

A child presents with bowed legs and delayed growth. Which nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible, and what is the condition called?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency; Rickets

Question 8

Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis is associated with low bone mass and increased fracture risk.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of fluoride in bone metabolism?

Accepted Answer

It combines with calcium and phosphorus to strengthen tooth enamel.

Question 10

A patient has developed porous, stained, and pitted teeth. Which condition is most likely, and what is the cause?

Accepted Answer

Fluorosis due to excessive fluoride intake

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for calcium for adults aged 19–50 years?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{RDA}_{	ext{Ca}^{2+}} = 1,000\ 	ext{mg/day}$$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why weight-bearing exercise is recommended for osteoporosis prevention?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates bone formation and increases bone density.

Question 13

Which of the following nutrients is required for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D

Question 14

A 25-year-old vegan living in Boston is at risk for which nutrient deficiency, and why?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin D deficiency due to limited sun exposure and lack of fortified foods

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Regular weight-bearing exercise

Question 16

Which of the following statements about magnesium is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Magnesium toxicity can occur from food sources.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces blood calcium levels.

Question 18

A patient with osteoporosis is prescribed a medication that inhibits osteoclast activity. What is the expected effect on bone metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Decreased bone resorption and increased bone density

Question 19

Which of the following foods is highest in phosphorus per serving, based on the provided images?

Accepted Answer

Cheese, cheddar – 3 oz

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why extreme dieting during adolescence increases the risk of osteoporosis later in life?

Accepted Answer

It reduces peak bone mass accumulation during a critical period of bone growth.

Nutrients in Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Study Guide

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