Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumors are cancerous and can metastasize, while benign tumors do not invade other tissues.

Question 2

Which stage of carcinogenesis is characterized by the uncontrolled division of genetically altered cells, often lasting for years before a tumor is detectable?

Accepted Answer

Promotion

Question 3

A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that does not invade other tissues and whose cells adhere to one another. What type of tumor is this?

Accepted Answer

Benign

Question 4

Which of the following is a promoter, not an initiator, in the process of carcinogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Dietary fat

Question 5

Which infectious agent is directly linked to the development of cervical cancer?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 6

Which of the following dietary patterns is most strongly associated with a reduced risk of cancer?

Accepted Answer

High intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Question 7

A 45-year-old man has a family history of prostate cancer. Which statement best describes his risk?

Accepted Answer

He has an increased risk but may never develop prostate cancer.

Question 8

Which of the following is a plausible mechanism by which antioxidants may reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Preventing oxidative damage to DNA

Question 9

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cancer?

Accepted Answer

Tobacco use

Question 10

Acrylamide, a probable human carcinogen, is most likely to be found in which of the following foods?

Accepted Answer

Potato chips cooked at high temperatures

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why calorie restriction may reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

It improves energy metabolism and reduces oxidative damage.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a recommended dietary strategy to reduce cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

Increase intake of cured and charbroiled meats

Question 13

A patient presents with unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and a persistent cough. What is the most appropriate next step?

Accepted Answer

Evaluate with blood tests and diagnostic scans

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of an oncologist?

Accepted Answer

A physician who specializes in cancer treatment

Question 15

Which of the following compounds found in processed meats is classified as a probable human carcinogen?

Accepted Answer

Nitrites and nitrates

Question 16

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between energy intake and cancer risk, based on animal studies?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{intake} \uparrow \implies Cancer\ Risk \uparrow$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-life example of a cancer initiator?

Accepted Answer

Ultraviolet radiation from the sun

Question 18

A person who regularly uses tanning beds is at increased risk for which type of cancer due to exposure to which agent?

Accepted Answer

Skin cancer; ultraviolet radiation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of metastasis?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells grow their own blood vessels and spread to other parts of the body.

Question 20

Which of the following is a benefit of consuming a diet high in fiber with respect to cancer prevention?

Accepted Answer

Fiber helps reduce the risk of colon cancer.

Nutrition and Cancer: Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Dietary Strategies

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