Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between heme and nonheme iron in terms of absorption and dietary sources?

Accepted Answer

Heme iron is found in animal foods and is absorbed about twice as efficiently as nonheme iron.

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pale skin, and decreased work capacity. Laboratory tests reveal microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which stage of iron deficiency is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Stage III: Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 3

Which of the following dietary components can enhance the absorption of nonheme iron from plant sources?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 4

A vegan male is concerned about his zinc intake. According to the study materials, what is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for zinc for vegan males over 19 years old?

Accepted Answer

$$17\ \mathrm{mg/day}$$

Question 5

Which trace element is a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase and is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Selenium

Question 6

A patient with a genetic disorder resulting in increased iron absorption is at risk for which condition, and what is a recommended treatment?

Accepted Answer

Hemochromatosis; treatment is regular blood donation

Question 7

Which trace element is most closely associated with the prevention of dental caries and is found in fluoridated water and toothpaste?

Accepted Answer

Fluoride

Question 8

A diet high in which of the following can decrease the bioavailability of both iron and zinc?

Accepted Answer

Phytates

Question 9

Which trace element is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and is most commonly obtained from iodized salt?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 10

A patient presents with anemia, poor growth, and bone abnormalities. Laboratory results show low copper levels. Which dietary pattern could have contributed to this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A diet high in zinc supplements

Question 11

Which trace element acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds, and has a recommended intake of $$45\ \mu\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{day}$$ for adults?

Accepted Answer

Molybdenum

Question 12

Which of the following is a symptom of zinc deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Skin rashes and decreased immunity

Question 13

A person living in an area with low-iodine soil who does not use iodized salt is at increased risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Goiter

Question 14

Which trace element is required for the activity of over 300 enzymes, including those involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, and is most abundant in animal products?

Accepted Answer

Zinc

Question 15

A child presents with mottled, stained, and pitted teeth. Which trace element is most likely consumed in excess?

Accepted Answer

Fluoride

Question 16

Which trace element is required to maintain normal blood glucose levels and can be increased in food by cooking in stainless steel?

Accepted Answer

Chromium

Question 17

A patient with a diet high in nuts and zinc supplements is at risk for which mineral imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Copper deficiency

Question 18

Which trace element deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, a condition affecting the heart muscle?

Accepted Answer

Selenium

Question 19

Which trace element is a constituent of superoxide dismutase and is involved in carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Manganese

Question 20

A person consumes a diet high in raw cabbage, cassava, and millet. Which trace element's bioavailability is most likely reduced, and what is a possible consequence?

Accepted Answer

Iodine; goiter

Trace Elements in Human Nutrition: Functions, Sources, and Health Implications

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