Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why water is considered a universal solvent in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Water's polarity allows it to dissolve and transport a wide variety of solutes, including ions and organic molecules.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and frequent cramps after prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. Which mineral deficiency is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Potassium

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the buffer system that helps regulate blood pH in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 4

Which of the following foods is most likely to enhance nonheme iron absorption when consumed in the same meal?

Accepted Answer

Orange juice

Question 5

A marathon runner collapses after drinking excessive amounts of water without electrolyte replacement. Blood tests reveal low sodium levels. What condition is this runner experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 6

Which mineral is most abundant in the human body and is primarily found in bones and teeth?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 7

Which of the following is a major difference between minerals and vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Minerals are indestructible by heat, air, or acid, while vitamins can be destroyed.

Question 8

Which dietary approach is recommended to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Follow the DASH diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy.

Question 9

A child develops mottled and stained teeth after consuming excessive amounts of a mineral in drinking water during early childhood. Which mineral is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Fluoride

Question 10

Which of the following minerals is a key component of hemoglobin and is essential for oxygen transport in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Iron

Question 11

Which equation best represents the calculation for total daily water intake recommendations for an adult male, based on the study material?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Total\ Water\ Intake = Water\ from\ Beverages + Water\ from\ Food}$$

Question 12

Which mineral deficiency is most likely to result in goiter and impaired thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 13

A patient with osteoporosis is advised to increase intake of which two nutrients to help maintain bone density?

Accepted Answer

Calcium and vitamin D

Question 14

Which mineral acts as a cofactor for more than 100 enzymes and is important for growth, immune function, and wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Zinc

Question 15

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of bioavailability in mineral nutrition?

Accepted Answer

Calcium absorption is reduced when consumed with foods high in oxalates, such as spinach.

Question 16

Which mineral is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and is commonly added to table salt to prevent deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Iodine

Question 17

A person is experiencing confusion, convulsions, and has recently consumed 15 liters of water in a few hours. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Water intoxication

Question 18

Which mineral is essential for the formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and helps maintain acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Chloride

Question 19

Which trace mineral is necessary for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase and helps protect cells from free radical damage?

Accepted Answer

Selenium

Question 20

A patient with Wilson's disease has difficulty regulating which mineral, leading to toxic accumulation in the liver and brain?

Accepted Answer

Copper

Water and minerals

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