Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions that attract each other, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 2

What is the formal charge on the nitrogen atom in ammonia ($$\mathrm{NH_3$}$$)? Use the formula: $$	ext{formal charge} = 	ext{valence electrons} - 	ext{nonbonding electrons} - \frac{1}{2}	ext{(shared electrons)}.$$

Accepted Answer

$$0$$

Question 3

Which of the following molecules contains polar bonds but is a nonpolar molecule overall?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$

Question 4

Given the electronic configuration of carbon: $$1s^2$$\ $$2s^2$$\ $$2p^2$$, how many valence electrons does carbon have?

Accepted Answer

4

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct Lewis structure for methane ($$\mathrm{CH_4$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

A central carbon atom with four single bonds to four hydrogen atoms, each hydrogen having no lone pairs.

Question 6

Which of the following guidelines is most important when determining the major contributor among resonance structures?

Accepted Answer

The structure with complete octets and minimal formal charges is the major contributor.

Question 7

Which of the following is the condensed structural formula for ethanol?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CH_3CH_2OH}$$

Question 8

What is the hybridization and molecular geometry of the carbon atom in methane ($$\mathrm{CH_4$}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$sp^3$$ hybridization, tetrahedral geometry

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a sigma ($$\sigma) $$bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond formed by the end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis.

Question 10

How many constitutional isomers are possible for $$\mathrm{C_5H_{12}} ($$pentane)?

Accepted Answer

3

Question 11

Which of the following molecules can exhibit geometric (cis-trans) isomerism?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CHCl=CHCl}$$

Question 12

Which of the following statements about resonance structures is correct?

Accepted Answer

Resonance structures are different electronic representations of the same molecule and do not exist as individual entities.

Question 13

What is the electronic configuration of nitrogen ($$\mathrm{N}) in $$its ground state?

Accepted Answer

$$1s^2$$\ $$2s^2$$\ $$2p^3$$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why $$\mathrm{H_2O} is a $$polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

It contains polar bonds and has a bent molecular geometry, resulting in a net dipole moment.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a valid resonance structure for the acetate ion ($$\mathrm{CH_3COO^-}$$)?

Accepted Answer

A structure with both oxygens having a single negative charge.

Question 16

Which of the following line-angle structures represents a molecule with a triple bond between two carbons?

Accepted Answer

A structure with three parallel lines between two points.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about isomers is correct?

Accepted Answer

Constitutional isomers have different connectivity of atoms but the same molecular formula.

Question 18

Which hybridization and geometry would you expect for the carbon atom in ethyne ($$\mathrm{C_2H_2}$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$sp$$ hybridization, linear geometry

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between a sigma ($$\sigma) $$and a pi ($$\pi) $$bond?

Accepted Answer

A sigma bond is formed by the end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis, while a pi bond is formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals above and below the plane of the nuclei.

Chapter 1: Structure and Bonding – Introduction and Review

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