Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which corticosteroids suppress inflammation?

Accepted Answer

They activate intracellular receptors, which inhibit NFkB and thereby suppress transcription of pro-inflammatory genes.

Question 2

A patient is being prepared for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and receives high doses of cyclophosphamide. What is the primary reason for using this drug in this context?

Accepted Answer

To destroy the patient's bone marrow, eliminating existing immune cells and making space for donor cells.

Question 3

Which of the following monoclonal antibody types is least likely to provoke an immune response in a human patient?

Accepted Answer

Fully human (-umab)

Question 4

Why are T-cell inhibitors such as cyclosporin A and tacrolimus effective in preventing organ transplant rejection?

Accepted Answer

They interfere with T cell signaling, reducing cytokine expression and thus suppressing T cell activation.

Question 5

A monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-$$\alpha is $$used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. What is the main effect of this therapy?

Accepted Answer

It blocks TNF-$$\alpha$$, reducing inflammation and joint damage.

Question 6

Which of the following is a key advantage of using humanized mouse antibodies in therapy?

Accepted Answer

They do not provoke an immune response in humans because they contain human antibody genes.

Question 7

Bispecific antibodies are engineered to:

Accepted Answer

Link immune cells to tumor cells, facilitating targeted immune attack.

Question 8

Which of the following mechanisms allows cancer cells to evade immune detection?

Accepted Answer

Loss of MHC I expression, making them invisible to cytotoxic T cells.

Question 9

A patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) is treated with natalizumab, an antibody to integrin. What is the expected therapeutic effect?

Accepted Answer

Reduced number of new brain lesions by blocking immune cell adhesion.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'herd immunity' as observed with the meningitis C vaccine in the UK?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination reduces disease incidence even among unvaccinated individuals by lowering overall transmission.

Question 11

Which vaccine type is most likely to induce a strong CD8 T cell response?

Accepted Answer

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 12

What is the main function of adjuvants in vaccines?

Accepted Answer

To activate dendritic cells (DCs), enhancing antigen presentation to T cells.

Question 13

Which of the following is a major risk associated with CAR-T cell therapy?

Accepted Answer

Cytokine release syndrome, which can be life-threatening.

Question 14

Why do some vaccines require booster doses?

Accepted Answer

Because immunity from the initial dose may fade over time.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a subunit vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Gardasil-9 (HPV vaccine)

Question 16

What is the rationale for transfecting tumor cells with B7 in cancer immunotherapy?

Accepted Answer

To allow tumor cells to act as antigen-presenting cells, activating CD8 T cells against the tumor.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about oral tolerance is correct?

Accepted Answer

Oral tolerance works in animal models but has not been successful in humans so far.

Question 18

A patient receives a vaccine that is a conjugate of bacterial polysaccharide and a harmless protein. What is the immunological advantage of this conjugate vaccine?

Accepted Answer

It allows T cell activation of B cells that recognize polysaccharides, improving immune memory.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible reason for the re-emergence of polio in some regions despite near eradication?

Accepted Answer

Decreased vaccination rates leading to loss of herd immunity.

Ch 16 Immune

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