Q: Which of the following equations is used to calculate the IV drip rate for a gravity infusion?

Drip rate (drops/min) = $$\frac{\text{Volume to infuse (mL)} \times \text{Drop factor (drops/mL)}}{\text{Time (min)}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the principle of osmosis in the context of fluid and electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of lesser solute concentration and more water to an area of greater solute concentration and less water, across a semipermeable membrane, until equilibrium is established.

Question 2

A patient presents with a serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L and signs of neurologic impairment. Which of the following best explains the cellular changes occurring in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cells into the extracellular fluid, causing the cells to shrink.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

pH = $$-\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 4

A patient with severe burns is at risk for third-space fluid shift. Which of the following best describes this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Fluid moves from the intravascular space into transcellular compartments, becoming unavailable for use and not easily exchanged with extracellular fluid.

Question 5

Which of the following is a major function of potassium ($$K^+) in $$the body?

Accepted Answer

Transmission of nerve impulses and regulation of cellular enzyme activity

Question 6

A patient’s arterial blood gas (ABG) results are: pH = 7.30, PaCO$$_2 = 50 mm Hg$$, HCO$$_3^- = 24 $$mEq/L. What is the most likely acid–base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of the kidneys in fluid and electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys regulate extracellular fluid volume and osmolality by selective retention and excretion of body fluids.

Question 8

A patient is prescribed a potassium chloride IV infusion. Which of the following is a critical safety consideration?

Accepted Answer

The maximum infusion rate should not exceed 10 mEq/hr to prevent fatal cardiac arrhythmia.

Question 9

Which of the following equations is used to calculate the IV drip rate for a gravity infusion?

Accepted Answer

Drip rate (drops/min) = $$\frac{	ext{Volume to infuse (mL)} 	imes 	ext{Drop factor (drops/mL)}}{	ext{Time (min)}}$$

Question 10

A patient with hypokalemia is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness and leg cramps

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the carbonic acid–sodium bicarbonate buffer system in acid–base balance?

Accepted Answer

It maintains a ratio of 20 parts bicarbonate to 1 part carbonic acid in extracellular fluid.

Question 12

A patient’s ABG results are: pH = 7.48, PaCO$$_2 = 32 mm Hg$$, HCO$$_3^- = 24 $$mEq/L. What is the primary acid–base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 13

Which of the following is a major risk factor for fluid volume deficit in older adults?

Accepted Answer

Decreased total body water due to increased fat cells and loss of muscle mass

Question 14

A patient receiving a blood transfusion develops hives and itching. What is the most appropriate initial nursing action?

Accepted Answer

Stop the transfusion immediately and keep the vein open with normal saline.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the effect of a hypertonic IV solution on body cells?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cells into the intravascular compartment, causing cells to shrink.

Question 16

Which of the following is a primary cause of metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Excessive loss of bicarbonate through diarrhea or renal failure

Question 17

A patient with fluid volume excess (FVE) is most likely to exhibit which of the following clinical signs?

Accepted Answer

Rapid weight gain, pitting edema, and increased blood pressure

Question 18

Which of the following is the most accurate indicator of fluid gain or loss in a patient?

Accepted Answer

Daily body weight measured at the same time each day

Question 19

A patient’s ABG results are: pH = 7.28, PaCO$$_2 = 30 mm Hg$$, HCO$$_3^- = 18 $$mEq/L. Which of the following best describes the acid–base disturbance and compensation?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory compensation

Question 20

Which of the following is a recommended intervention for a patient with fluid restriction due to heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Offer fluids in small glasses at regular intervals and avoid dry, salty, or sweet foods.

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance: Principles and Clinical Applications

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