Question 1

A hot air balloon rises because the air inside the balloon is heated. Which principle best explains why heating the air causes the balloon to rise?

Accepted Answer

Heating the air decreases its density, causing the balloon to be buoyant.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes Brownian motion as observed in water?

Accepted Answer

The jittery motion of tiny particles caused by collisions with individual water molecules.

Question 3

Which arrangement of molecules corresponds to a gas, as shown in the diagrams of solids, liquids, and gases?

Accepted Answer

Molecules are loosely packed and move freely in all directions.

Question 4

A bridge has gaps in its structure as shown in the image. What is the primary reason for these gaps?

Accepted Answer

To accommodate expansion and contraction due to temperature changes.

Question 5

Which property of matter is commonly used in thermometers to measure temperature?

Accepted Answer

Expansion or contraction of the material.

Question 6

Convert 100°F to Celsius using the formula $$T^\circ_C = \frac{5}{9}(T^\circ_F - 32). $$What is the result?

Accepted Answer

37.8°C

Question 7

According to the zeroth law of thermodynamics, if object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B, and object B is in thermal equilibrium with object C, what can be concluded?

Accepted Answer

Object A and object C are in thermal equilibrium.

Question 8

Boyle’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, the volume is inversely proportional to the pressure. Which equation represents this law?

Accepted Answer

$$V \propto \frac{1}{P}$$

Question 9

At what temperature does the volume of an ideal gas extrapolate to zero according to the graph of volume versus temperature?

Accepted Answer

-273.15°C

Question 10

What is the freezing point of water on the Kelvin scale?

Accepted Answer

273.15 K

Question 11

A child blows up a balloon. If the temperature and pressure inside the balloon remain constant, what happens to the volume as more air is added?

Accepted Answer

The volume increases.

Question 12

The ideal gas law is given by $$PV = nRT. $$What does the variable $$n$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

Number of moles

Question 13

Avogadro’s number $$N_A is $$used to relate the number of moles to the number of molecules. What is the value of $$N_A$$?

Accepted Answer

$$6.02 	imes 10$$^{23}$$

Question 14

The ideal gas law can be written in terms of molecules as $$PV = NkT. $$What does $$k$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

Boltzmann’s constant

Question 15

According to kinetic theory, which statement is true about the motion of molecules in an ideal gas?

Accepted Answer

Molecules move in random directions with a variety of speeds.

Question 16

The average translational kinetic energy of molecules in an ideal gas is given by $$\frac{1}{2} m \overline{v^2$} = \frac{3}{2} kT. $$What does $$T$$ represent?

Accepted Answer

Temperature in Kelvin

Question 17

If oxygen and hydrogen are kept under the same temperature and pressure, and the oxygen molecule has mass 16 times greater than the hydrogen molecule, what can be said about their average kinetic energies?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen molecules have the same kinetic energy as hydrogen molecules.

Question 18

During a process performed on 1 mole of some gas, its volume and pressure both increased two times. What happens to the average speed of the molecules in the gas?

Accepted Answer

Stays the same

Question 19

The root-mean-square speed of molecules in an ideal gas is given by $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3kT}{m}}. If $$the temperature is doubled, what happens to $$v_{rms}$$?

Accepted Answer

It increases by a factor of $$\sqrt{2}.$$

Question 20

A sample of gas is compressed at constant temperature. According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure as the volume decreases?

Accepted Answer

Pressure increases.

Chapter 13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory – Study Notes

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