Question 1

Which of the following best describes the physical significance of Maxwell's equations in the context of electromagnetic waves?

Accepted Answer

They provide a unified framework for understanding the propagation of electromagnetic waves through space.

Question 2

A light wave passes from air ($$n_1 = 1.00$) into glass (n_2$ = 1.50) at an $$angle of incidence of $$30^\circ. $$What is the angle of refraction inside the glass? (Use Snell's Law: $$n_1$$ \sin \$$theta_1$$ = $$n_2$$ \sin \$$theta_2)$$

Accepted Answer

$$19.5^\circ$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the energy flux (Poynting vector) in an electromagnetic wave is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is always perpendicular to both the electric and magnetic fields.

Question 4

A concave mirror has a focal length of $$20\ \mathrm{cm}. An $$object is placed $$60\ \mathrm{cm} in $$front of the mirror. Where is the image formed? (Use the mirror equation: $$\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{d_o} + \frac{1}{d_i})$$

Accepted Answer

$$30\ \mathrm{cm} in $$front of the mirror

Question 5

Which optical instrument uses two lenses to magnify distant objects, and what is the main function of the objective lens?

Accepted Answer

A telescope; to collect and focus light from distant objects

Question 6

Which phenomenon explains why polarized sunglasses reduce glare from horizontal surfaces?

Accepted Answer

Polarization by reflection

Question 7

In a double-slit interference experiment, the distance between the slits is $$0.5\ \mathrm{mm}$$ and the screen is $$2\ \mathrm{m}$$ away. If the wavelength of light is $$500\ \mathrm{nm}$$, what is the distance between adjacent bright fringes? (Use $$y = \frac{\lambda L}{d})$$

Accepted Answer

$$2\ \mathrm{mm}$$

Question 8

A diffraction grating has 1000 lines per millimeter. What is the angular position of the first-order maximum for light of wavelength $$600\ \mathrm{nm}$$? (Use $$d \sin 	heta = m \lambda)$$

Accepted Answer

$$36.9^\circ$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the resolution limit of an optical instrument?

Accepted Answer

It is determined by the wavelength of light and the aperture size.

Question 10

Which law states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference?

Accepted Answer

Principle of Invariance of Physical Laws

Question 11

A spaceship travels at $$0.8c$$ relative to Earth. According to an observer on Earth, how much time passes on the spaceship for every $$10$$ hours on Earth? (Use $$\Delta t' = \Delta t \sqrt{1 - v^2$/c^2$$}$)

Accepted Answer

$$6\ \mathrm{hours}$$

Question 12

Which experiment provided evidence for the relativity of simultaneity?

Accepted Answer

Einstein's train thought experiment

Question 13

A rod moves at $$0.6c$$ relative to an observer. If its proper length is $$2\ \mathrm{m}$$, what is its observed length? (Use $$L = L_0$ \sqrt{1 - v^2$/c^2$$}$)

Accepted Answer

$$1.6\ \mathrm{m}$$

Question 14

Which transformation relates the coordinates of events in two inertial frames moving at constant velocity relative to each other?

Accepted Answer

Lorentz transformation

Question 15

A beam of unpolarized light passes through two ideal polarizers. The first is oriented vertically, and the second is at $$30^\circ to $$the vertical. What fraction of the original intensity is transmitted? (Use Malus's Law: $$I = I_0$ \cos^2$ 	heta)$$

Accepted Answer

$$0.375$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the invariance of the speed of light?

Accepted Answer

Simultaneity of events in all frames

Question 17

A thin lens forms a real, inverted image that is smaller than the object. Where is the object located relative to the lens?

Accepted Answer

At twice the focal length from the lens

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why a rainbow forms after a rain shower?

Accepted Answer

Dispersion and refraction of sunlight in water droplets

Question 19

In a single-slit diffraction experiment, what happens to the width of the central maximum if the slit width is decreased?

Accepted Answer

It becomes wider

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relativistic velocity transformation?

Accepted Answer

The resultant velocity never exceeds the speed of light.

Physics II: Electromagnetism, Optics, and Relativity – Syllabus Overview and Study Guide

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