During a military training exercise, Lieutenant Johnson is ordered by a high-ranking officer to use excessive force on a recruit to 'toughen them up.' Research on obedience suggests Johnson is less likely to follow this order if __________.

The high-ranking officer is observing the exercise closely

Another officer of the same rank supports the high-ranking officer's order

Johnson observes a fellow lieutenant refusing to use excessive force

The recruit pleads with Johnson for leniency