Question 1

Which of the following best describes Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to psychology?

Accepted Answer

He established the first psychology laboratory and introduced objective introspection.

Question 2

Which early psychological approach focused on breaking down mental processes into basic elements such as emotions and sensations?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism

Question 3

Mary Whiton Calkins made significant contributions to psychology, but was denied a Ph.D. because:

Accepted Answer

She was a woman.

Question 4

Which of the following is a key idea of Gestalt psychology?

Accepted Answer

The mind should be studied as an organized whole, not just as individual parts.

Question 5

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary cause of nervous disorders?

Accepted Answer

Repressed urges and desires in the unconscious mind

Question 6

John B. Watson's behaviorism was based on the work of which scientist, who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov

Question 7

Which modern perspective in psychology emphasizes free will and self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic Perspective

Question 8

A psychologist is interested in studying the influence of genetic factors and hormones on behavior. Which modern perspective is most relevant?

Accepted Answer

Biopsychological Perspective

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic criteria for critical thinking?

Accepted Answer

All evidence is equal in quality.

Question 10

What is the correct order of the five steps in the scientific approach?

Accepted Answer

Perceive the question, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, report results

Question 11

A researcher wants to study aggressive behavior in children by observing them in a playground. Which descriptive method is being used?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Question 12

Which of the following is a disadvantage of case studies?

Accepted Answer

Results cannot be generalized to others.

Question 13

If a correlation coefficient $$r is$$ $$-0.85$$, what does this indicate about the relationship between two variables?

Accepted Answer

There is a strong negative correlation.

Question 14

Which statement best explains why correlation does not prove causation?

Accepted Answer

A third variable may be responsible for the observed relationship.

Question 15

In an experiment, the variable that is deliberately manipulated by the researcher is called the:

Accepted Answer

Independent variable

Question 16

A psychologist randomly assigns participants to either watch a violent cartoon or a nonviolent cartoon. What is the purpose of random assignment?

Accepted Answer

To control for confounding variables and ensure each participant has an equal chance of being in any group.

Question 17

Which experimental design helps control both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect?

Accepted Answer

Double-blind study

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a common ethical guideline for psychological research with people?

Accepted Answer

Participants must be forced to participate until the study is complete.

Question 19

Why do psychologists sometimes use animals in research?

Accepted Answer

Some research questions cannot be ethically investigated with humans.

Question 20

A student reads a news article on social media claiming a new drug improves memory. Which critical thinking criterion should the student apply first?

Accepted Answer

Evaluate the quality of the evidence supporting the claim.

Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology – Foundations, Perspectives, and Methods

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