Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main focus of behaviorism as introduced by John B. Watson?

Accepted Answer

The observation and measurement of outward, overt actions and reactions.

Question 2

According to the nature vs. nurture debate, which statement best represents the 'nature' perspective?

Accepted Answer

Behaviors are primarily determined by biology, such as genes and brain chemistry.

Question 3

Which psychologist is credited with founding the first formal psychology laboratory in Germany in 1879 and is associated with the method of 'objective introspection'?

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 4

Margaret Washburn is notable in the history of psychology for which achievement?

Accepted Answer

First woman to receive a PhD in psychology.

Question 5

Which approach in psychology emphasizes the study of how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play, rather than breaking down mental processes into structures?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism

Question 6

Gestalt psychology, as introduced by Max Wertheimer, is best summarized by which principle?

Accepted Answer

Psychological phenomena should be understood as organized wholes, not as parts.

Question 7

Which of the following is a key concept proposed by Sigmund Freud in psychoanalysis?

Accepted Answer

Unconscious urges and desires are repressed and can create nervous disorders.

Question 8

Which psychologist is known for demonstrating that a reflex could be conditioned or learned, influencing the development of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

Accepted Answer

Psychiatrists have medical degrees and can diagnose and treat psychological disorders, while psychologists typically focus on research or therapy.

Question 10

Which research method involves watching animals or people in their natural environment and is limited by lack of control over variables?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Question 11

A psychologist wants to study the effect of violent TV on aggression. In this experiment, what is the independent variable ($$IV) $$and dependent variable ($$DV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$IV$$: Violent TV exposure; $$DV$$: Aggression

Question 12

Which of the following is a major ethical guideline for psychological research involving human participants?

Accepted Answer

Participants must give informed consent before the study begins.

Question 13

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?

Accepted Answer

Dendrites

Question 14

What is the function of the myelin sheath in neural transmission?

Accepted Answer

It speeds up the transmission of neural impulses.

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with mood regulation and is targeted by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Question 16

In an experiment, what is the purpose of random assignment?

Accepted Answer

To reduce bias and ensure each participant has an equal chance of being in any group.

Question 17

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for the formation of long-term memories?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 18

A correlation coefficient ($$r) of$$ $$-0.85$$ indicates which type of relationship between two variables?

Accepted Answer

A strong negative relationship

Question 19

Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles, organs, and glands?

Accepted Answer

Autonomic nervous system

Question 20

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for higher mental processes such as decision making and fluent speech production?

Accepted Answer

Frontal lobe

Foundations and Major Perspectives in Psychology

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