Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main focus of structuralism as developed by Wilhelm Wundt?

Accepted Answer

Dividing conscious experience into objective and subjective categories using introspection.

Question 2

A psychologist is interested in whether there is a relationship between hours of sleep and test performance among university students. She collects data and calculates a correlation coefficient of $$r = -0.65. $$What does this value indicate?

Accepted Answer

There is a strong negative relationship; as sleep increases, test performance decreases.

Question 3

Which research method would be most appropriate for studying the natural behavior of children on a playground without influencing their actions?

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic observation

Question 4

In an experiment testing the effect of background music on memory recall, what is the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

The presence or absence of background music during the task

Question 5

Which of the following is a key criticism of introspection as a research method in psychology?

Accepted Answer

It lacks objectivity and is difficult to verify scientifically.

Question 6

A researcher wants to ensure that her sample accurately reflects the diversity of the Canadian population in terms of gender and ethnicity. Which sampling method should she use?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 7

Which school of thought in psychology emphasized the study of observable behavior and rejected the study of consciousness?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism

Question 8

A double-blind study is designed to control for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Both participant and researcher expectations

Question 9

Which ethical principle requires that participants be fully informed about the nature and purpose of a study before agreeing to take part?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Question 10

A psychologist is conducting a study on the effects of caffeine on reaction time. She randomly assigns participants to either a caffeine group or a placebo group. What is the main purpose of random assignment in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

To control for selection bias and ensure groups are equivalent at the start

Question 11

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of external validity in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

The results of a study can be generalized to real-world settings and other populations.

Question 12

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind contains thoughts and memories that are not easily accessible to conscious awareness?

Accepted Answer

The unconscious

Question 13

Which of the following is a limitation of using surveys in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Participants may provide socially desirable answers rather than truthful ones.

Question 14

A researcher finds a statistically significant difference between two groups with a $$p-$$value of $$p \u003c 0.05. $$What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

There is less than a 5% probability that the results are due to chance.

Question 15

Which perspective in psychology focuses on how the brain, neurotransmitters, hormones, and genetics influence behavior and mental processes?

Accepted Answer

Biological perspective

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the placebo effect?

Accepted Answer

A participant experiences pain relief after receiving a sugar pill, believing it is real medication.

Question 17

Gestalt psychology is best known for which of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

Perception is organized into patterns and wholes, not just the sum of parts.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of applied research in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Developing a new therapy to reduce anxiety in patients.

Question 19

A psychologist wants to study the effects of social media use on self-esteem among teenagers. She uses a questionnaire to collect data from 1,000 students. Which research method is she using?

Accepted Answer

Survey

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main idea of humanistic psychology?

Accepted Answer

Humans have free will and strive to reach their full potential.

Introduction to Psychology: Foundations, Perspectives, and Research Methods

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