$$\text{Self-actualization} = \text{Basic needs met} + \text{Psychological needs met} + \text{Self-fulfillment needs met}$$

$$\text{Output} = \text{Input} \rightarrow \text{Mental Processing} \rightarrow \text{Judgment/Decision}$$

$$\text{Behavior Frequency} = \text{Baseline Frequency} + \text{Reward Effect}$$

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, which developmental crisis must be resolved during adolescence to achieve a positive sense of self?

Accepted Answer

Identity vs. role confusion

Question 2

A school-age child is praised for completing homework and making friends. According to Erikson, which stage is this child experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Industry vs. inferiority

Question 3

Which theorist is credited with the concept of the 'looking-glass self,' where self-image is formed by imagining how others perceive us?

Accepted Answer

Charles Horton Cooley

Question 4

A child develops an aversion to a food after experiencing food poisoning. This is an example of which behavioral theory?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 5

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which equation best represents the movement toward self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Self-actualization} = 	ext{Basic needs met} + 	ext{Psychological needs met} + 	ext{Self-fulfillment needs met}$$

Question 6

Which defense mechanism, as described by Freud, involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities?

Accepted Answer

Sublimation

Question 7

A preschool child imitates a parent sweeping the floor with a toy broom. According to Mead, which stage of self-development is this?

Accepted Answer

Stage 1: Imitation

Question 8

Which theorist extended Piaget’s model of cognitive development into adulthood, emphasizing progressive ego development?

Accepted Answer

Jane Loevinger

Question 9

According to Bandura’s social-learning theory, which scenario best illustrates the process of learning through imitation and reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A child copies their parent mowing the lawn after seeing them praised for it.

Question 10

Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and understand symbols?

Accepted Answer

Formal operations

Question 11

A toddler learning to control their bowels is best described by which stage of Freud’s psychosexual development?

Accepted Answer

Anal

Question 12

Which equation best represents the information-processing theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Output} = 	ext{Input} ightarrow 	ext{Mental Processing} ightarrow 	ext{Judgment/Decision}$$

Question 13

According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory, which factor is most likely to influence a child’s self-worth?

Accepted Answer

Parental expectations

Question 14

Which scenario best illustrates operant conditioning as described by Skinner?

Accepted Answer

A child receives praise for sharing toys, increasing the likelihood of sharing.

Question 15

According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by following rules to avoid punishment?

Accepted Answer

Preconventional

Question 16

Which theorist believed that language development is a major force in personality growth and that social interaction is essential for learning?

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky

Question 17

A middle-aged adult reassesses their career and family choices during a transitional phase. Which theorist’s model best explains this process?

Accepted Answer

Daniel Levinson

Question 18

Which equation best represents the relationship between reward and behavior frequency in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Behavior Frequency} = 	ext{Baseline Frequency} + 	ext{Reward Effect}$$

Question 19

Which theorist described the developmental stages of retirement, including preretirement, honeymoon, disenchantment, stability, and terminal?

Accepted Answer

Robert Atchley

Question 20

A child attributes life to inanimate objects and believes they are the center of the world. According to Piaget, which stage is this?

Accepted Answer

Preoperational

Major Theories of Human Development: Sociological and Psychological Perspectives

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