Question 1

Which of the following best describes a parameter in statistics?

Accepted Answer

A numerical summary describing an entire population.

Question 2

A hospital wants to estimate the average recovery time for patients after surgery. They randomly select 10 patients from each department (cardiology, neurology, orthopedics, etc.) and record their recovery times. What sampling method is used?

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling

Question 3

Which level of measurement allows for meaningful ratios and has a true zero?

Accepted Answer

Ratio

Question 4

A researcher observes whether people who smoke have higher blood pressure, without assigning smoking habits. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Observational study

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?

Accepted Answer

The number of cars sold at a dealership each day.

Question 6

A survey asks participants to rate their satisfaction as 'unsatisfied', 'neutral', or 'satisfied'. What is the level of measurement?

Accepted Answer

Ordinal

Question 7

In a systematic sample, if the population size is $$N = 120$$ and the desired sample size is $$n = 10$$, what is the value of $$k$$?

Accepted Answer

$$k = \frac{120}{10} = 12$$

Question 8

A researcher randomly selects 5 classrooms and surveys every student in those classrooms. Which sampling method is used?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 9

Which of the following best describes response bias?

Accepted Answer

When survey answers do not reflect respondents' true feelings.

Question 10

A study follows a group of people over 20 years to observe the development of heart disease. What type of observational study is this?

Accepted Answer

Cohort study

Question 11

Which of the following is a quantitative continuous variable?

Accepted Answer

The temperature measured in degrees Celsius.

Question 12

A survey is sent to 1,000 randomly selected residents, but only 200 respond. If those who respond are more likely to have strong opinions, what type of bias is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Nonresponse bias

Question 13

Which of the following statements about observational studies is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They only allow researchers to claim association.

Question 14

A researcher uses a random number generator to select 100 students from a list of all students at a university. What sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable in a designed experiment?

Accepted Answer

Two explanatory variables whose effects cannot be separated.

Question 16

A survey asks participants to select their favorite color. What type of variable is this?

Accepted Answer

Qualitative (categorical)

Question 17

Which step in the process of statistics involves using sample results to make conclusions about the population and reporting reliability?

Accepted Answer

Perform inference

Question 18

A researcher records the time (in seconds) it takes for each runner to finish a race. What is the level of measurement for this variable?

Accepted Answer

Ratio

Question 19

Which of the following is a sampling error?

Accepted Answer

The sample gives incomplete information about the population.

Question 20

A company surveys employees who are easiest to reach during lunch breaks. What sampling method is this?

Accepted Answer

Convenience sampling

Chapter 1: Data Collection – Introductory Statistics Study Guide

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