Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of cluster sampling?

Accepted Answer

Dividing the population into non-overlapping groups, randomly selecting some groups, and including all individuals from the selected groups in the sample.

Question 2

A city has 80 apartment buildings. A researcher wants to estimate the average rent paid by tenants. She randomly selects 8 buildings and surveys every tenant in those buildings. What type of sampling is this?

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling

Question 3

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of cluster sampling?

Accepted Answer

It may result in an unrepresentative sample if individuals within clusters are too similar.

Question 4

A polling organization mails a survey to 1,000 randomly selected households, but only 100 respond. The results are used to estimate public opinion. What type of bias is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Nonresponse bias

Question 5

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates sampling bias due to undercoverage?

Accepted Answer

A survey about internet usage is conducted only among people with home internet access.

Question 6

A researcher wants to study the eating habits of college students. She sends a survey to all students, but only those who are health-conscious respond. What type of bias is most likely affecting the results?

Accepted Answer

Nonresponse bias

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of response bias?

Accepted Answer

Survey participants overstate their income to appear more successful.

Question 8

A survey asks, 'Do you agree with most experts that our new product is the best on the market?' What type of bias is most likely introduced by this question?

Accepted Answer

Response bias due to wording of the question

Question 9

Suppose a researcher uses random digit dialing to survey opinions on a new city policy. Which group is most likely to be undercovered, leading to sampling bias?

Accepted Answer

People without telephones

Question 10

Which of the following strategies can help reduce nonresponse bias in a survey?

Accepted Answer

Offering rewards or follow-up calls to encourage participation

Question 11

A professor surveys her students about how many hours they study per week for her class. The students report higher numbers than they actually study. What is the most likely source of bias?

Accepted Answer

Response bias due to misrepresented answers

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of cluster sampling?

Accepted Answer

It always produces a representative sample.

Question 13

A national survey conducted online finds that 63% of adults believe computers should be used in elementary school classrooms. What type of bias is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Sampling bias due to undercoverage

Question 14

Which of the following best defines sampling bias?

Accepted Answer

A bias that occurs when the sampling technique favors one part of the population over another.

Question 15

A researcher wants to estimate the average commute time for workers in a city. She divides the city into neighborhoods, randomly selects 5 neighborhoods, and surveys every worker in those neighborhoods. What is a potential problem with this approach?

Accepted Answer

If neighborhoods are very different from each other, the sample may not represent the whole city.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of interviewer error leading to response bias?

Accepted Answer

An interviewer asks a question with a disapproving tone, influencing the respondent's answer.

Question 17

A survey asks, 'How would you rate our product and customer service?' What is the main issue with this question?

Accepted Answer

It is a double-barreled question, which can confuse respondents.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes nonresponse bias?

Accepted Answer

A bias that occurs when individuals who do not respond to a survey differ in relevant ways from those who do respond.

Question 19

A researcher wants to avoid response bias in a face-to-face survey. Which of the following is the best strategy?

Accepted Answer

Train interviewers to avoid influencing respondents' answers.

Question 20

Suppose a survey asks, 'How much do you exercise?' Why might this question introduce bias, and how could it be improved?

Accepted Answer

It is vague and could be improved by specifying a time frame, such as 'How many hours do you spend exercising each week?'

Cluster Sampling and Types of Bias in Statistics

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