Question 1

Which of the following best describes a population in statistics?

Accepted Answer

The entire set of individuals or items of interest in a study.

Question 2

A researcher collects the heights (in centimeters) of all students in a university. The mean height calculated from this data is:

Accepted Answer

A population parameter

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

Accepted Answer

The favorite color of each student

Question 4

A survey of 50 randomly selected gym members finds an average workout duration of 45 minutes. Is this value a parameter or a statistic?

Accepted Answer

Statistic

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT quantitative data?

Accepted Answer

The brands of smartphones owned by students

Question 6

Which of the following is a discrete quantitative variable?

Accepted Answer

The number of goals scored by a soccer team in a match

Question 7

A company wants to determine if a new training program increases employee productivity. They randomly assign half the employees to the program and compare productivity after one month. What type of study is this?

Accepted Answer

Experiment

Question 8

Which statement about causation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Experiments can provide evidence for causation if properly designed.

Question 9

A store manager surveys every customer who enters the store on a Monday to ask about their shopping experience. Is this a representative sample?

Accepted Answer

No, because the sample may not represent customers on other days.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a simple random sample?

Accepted Answer

A sample where every possible subset of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 11

A university wants to survey students about campus safety. They randomly select 100 students from the entire student body. Is this a simple random sample and is it representative?

Accepted Answer

Yes, it is both a simple random sample and representative.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of continuous quantitative data?

Accepted Answer

The time (in seconds) it takes to run a race

Question 13

A researcher wants to know if a new medication reduces blood pressure. They give the medication to one group and a placebo to another, then measure blood pressure after 2 weeks. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The type of medication given (new medication or placebo)

Question 14

A school administrator wants to survey teachers about professional development. They randomly select 60 teachers, with approximately two teachers from each grade and similar numbers from each major discipline. Is this a representative sample?

Accepted Answer

Yes, because it reflects the structure of the population.

Question 15

Which formula represents the probability of selecting a specific individual in a simple random sample of size $$n$$ from a population of size $$N$$?

Accepted Answer

$$P = \frac{1}{N}$$

Question 16

A college professor wants to select 5 random students out of 20 for a survey. Which method ensures a simple random sample?

Accepted Answer

Assign each student a number from 1 to 20 and use a random number generator to select 5 unique numbers.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true about observational studies?

Accepted Answer

They do not allow researchers to infer causation.

Question 18

A software company wants to test if their new app increases fitness levels. Should they run an observational study or an experiment?

Accepted Answer

Experiment, because they want to measure the effect of the app.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a representative sample?

Accepted Answer

Surveying a group that matches the proportions of majors in the university.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

Accepted Answer

A parameter describes a population, while a statistic describes a sample.

Foundations of Statistics: Populations, Samples, Data Types, and Sampling Methods

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