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Comprehensive Microeconomics Study Notes: Core Principles, Models, and Applications

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Introduction to Economics

People Are Rational

People Respond to Incentives

Scarcity and Choice

Positive and Normative Analysis

Marginal Analysis

Factors of Production

Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) - Introduction and Productive Efficiency

PPF - Increasing Marginal Opportunity Costs and Allocative Efficiency

Competitive Markets

The Demand Curve

Shifts in the Demand Curve

Movement Along a Demand Curve

The Supply Curve

Shifts in the Supply Curve

Movement Along a Supply Curve

Market Equilibrium

Using the Supply and Demand Curves to Find Equilibrium

Price Elasticity of Demand on a Graph

Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand

Revenue, Cost, and Profit

The Production Function and Diminishing Returns

Marginal Cost

The Relationship Between Average Cost and Marginal Cost

Graphing Costs

Average Total Cost: Short Run and Long Run

Introduction to the Four Market Models

Characteristics of Perfect Competition

Revenue in Perfect Competition

Perfect Competition Profit on the Graph

Short Run Shutdown Decision

Long Run Entry and Exit Decision

Individual Supply Curve in the Short Run and Long Run

Market Supply Curve in the Short Run and Long Run

Long Run Equilibrium

Perfect Competition and Efficiency

Characteristics of Monopoly

Monopoly Revenue

Monopoly Profit on the Graph

Monopoly Efficiency and Deadweight Loss

Price Discrimination

Antitrust Laws and Government Regulation of Monopolies

Four Market Model Summary: Monopoly

Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition

Revenue in Monopolistic Competition

Monopolistic Competition Profit on the Graph

Monopolistic Competition in the Long Run

Efficiency in Monopolistic Competition

Four Market Model Summary: Monopolistic Competition

Characteristics of Oligopoly

One-Time Games and the Prisoner's Dilemma

Game Theory and Oligopoly Profit

Repeated Games

Kinked-Demand Theory

Four Market Model Summary: Oligopoly

Externalities: Social Benefits and Social Costs

Public Solutions to Externalities

Private Solutions to Externalities: The Coase Theorem

Price Ceilings, Price Floors, and Black Markets

Subsidies

Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard

Solutions to Informational Problems