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Microeconomics Study Notes: Core Principles, Markets, and Welfare

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Scarcity and Choice

Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics

Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) - Introduction and Productive Efficiency

PPF - Increasing Marginal Opportunity Costs and Allocative Efficiency

PPF - Comparative Advantage and Absolute Advantage

PPF - Comparative Advantage and Trade

    PPF - The Price of the Trade

    Competitive Markets

    The Demand Curve

    Shifts in the Demand Curve

    Movement Along a Demand Curve

    The Supply Curve

    Shifts in the Supply Curve

    Movement Along a Supply Curve

    Market Equilibrium

    Using the Supply and Demand Curves to Find Equilibrium

    Effects of Surplus

    Effects of Shortage

    Revenue, Cost, and Profit

    Marginal Cost

    Consumer Surplus and Willingness to Pay

    Producer Surplus and Willingness to Sell

    Economic Surplus and Efficiency

    Price Ceilings, Price Floors, and Black Markets

    Externalities: Social Benefits and Social Costs

    Public Solutions to Externalities

    Private Solutions to Externalities: The Coase Theorem

    Four Types of Goods and Two Characteristics

    The Free Rider Problem and the Tragedy of the Commons

    Public Goods: Demand Curve and Optimal Quantity

    Introduction to the Four Market Models

    Characteristics of Perfect Competition

    Revenue in Perfect Competition

    Perfect Competition Profit on the Graph

    Short Run Shutdown Decision

    Long Run Entry and Exit Decision

    Long Run Equilibrium

    Perfect Competition and Efficiency

    Characteristics of Monopoly

    Monopoly Revenue

    Monopoly Profit on the Graph

    Monopoly Efficiency and Deadweight Loss

    Price Discrimination

    Four Market Model Summary: Perfect Competition

    Four Market Model Summary: Monopoly

    Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition

    Revenue in Monopolistic Competition

    Monopolistic Competition Profit on the Graph

    Monopolistic Competition in the Long Run

    Efficiency in Monopolistic Competition

    Advertising

    Four Market Model Summary: Monopolistic Competition

    Characteristics of Oligopoly

    One-Time Games and the Prisoner's Dilemma

    Game Theory and Oligopoly Profit

    Repeated Games

    Kinked-Demand Theory

    Four Market Model Summary: Oligopoly

    The Production Function and Marginal Revenue Product

    Demand for Labor in Perfect Competition

    Shifts in Labor Demand

    Supply of Labor in Perfect Competition

    Shifts in Labor Supply

    Differences in Wages

    Other Factors of Production: Land and Capital

    Income Inequality in the USA and Worldwide

    Poverty

    Polices to Reduce Poverty

    Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient

    Income Equality and Efficiency