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NFS CH 2

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  • How does sight influence food selection?
    Sight is the primary criterion for food selection; factors like color, shape, size, and presentation influence perception and appeal.
  • How can enriching the color of milk affect perception?
    Enriching milk color can deceive senses, making it appear fresher or higher quality than it actually is.
  • What are volatile molecules in food?
    Volatile molecules are compounds that evaporate easily and are detected by olfactory cells, contributing to food odors.
  • How many olfactory cells do humans have and what happens with repeated odor exposure?
    Humans have about 10 million olfactory cells; repeated exposure to an odor can cause sensory adaptation, reducing perception.
  • What is the formula for flavor?
    Flavor = taste + smell + chemesthesis; factors affecting taste include temperature, texture, and aroma.
  • Name the six taste stimuli.
    The six tastes are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, and fat, perceived through chemical stimuli on the tongue.
  • What is chemesthesis?
    Chemesthesis is the chemical sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes, causing sensations like spiciness or cooling.
  • How does hearing contribute to food selection?
    Sounds like crunch, sizzle, snap, and fizz influence perception of freshness and quality, affecting food choice.
  • What does calorie balance mean in weight maintenance?
    Calorie balance means energy intake equals energy expenditure, maintaining current body weight.
  • List the four basic guidelines from the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
    Follow a healthy dietary pattern, focus on nutrient-dense foods, limit added sugars and saturated fats, and reduce sodium intake.
  • What are the estimated daily kcal goals for maintenance?
    Women: ~1800-2400 kcal/day; Men: ~2200-3000 kcal/day; per meal guidelines suggest balanced portions throughout the day.
  • Give examples of functional foods for cancer risk reduction and heart health.
    Examples include berries (cancer risk reduction) and oats (heart health); they provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
  • How have consumer dietary intakes shifted over time?
    Milk and fat consumption decreased, poultry intake increased, and menu labeling has become more common.
  • What is nutrigenomics?
    Nutrigenomics studies how diet interacts with genes to influence health and disease risk.
  • Difference between calories and kilocalories?
    1 kilocalorie (kcal) equals 1000 calories; in nutrition, 'calorie' usually means kilocalorie.
  • Which religions adhere to vegetarianism?
    Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism commonly practice forms of vegetarianism.
  • What beverage restrictions do Mormons have?
    Mormons avoid alcohol, coffee, tea, and other caffeinated beverages.
  • Reasons for food bioengineering and examples of GMOs?
    Reasons: improve yield, pest resistance, and nutrition; examples: Bt corn and Golden Rice.
  • Criteria for 100% organic certification vs. organic labeling?
    100% organic means all ingredients are organic; organic labeling requires at least 95% organic ingredients.
  • Describe the NOVA Processed Food Classification System groups.
    Groups: unprocessed/minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods.
  • How do budget constraints influence food choices?
    Limited budgets may reduce access to healthy foods; programs like SNAP, WIC, and food banks help address insecurity.
  • Define astringency in food consumption.
    Astringency causes a dry, puckering mouthfeel due to tannins binding salivary proteins.
  • What is umami and its sources?
    Umami is a savory taste from glutamates found in foods like mushrooms, soy sauce, and aged cheese.
  • Define functional food with an example.
    Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, e.g., yogurt with probiotics improving gut health.
  • Difference between halal and kosher dietary laws?
    Halal is Islamic dietary law; kosher is Jewish law; both specify permitted foods and preparation methods.
  • What is biotechnology in relation to GMOs?
    Biotechnology involves genetic engineering to create GMOs with desired traits like pest resistance or enhanced nutrition.