Q: Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity risk, based on hormonal changes?

$$\text{Obesity Risk} \propto \frac{\text{Ghrelin}}{\text{Leptin}}$$

Question 1

Which brain structure acts as the primary control center for sleeping and waking?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 2

During which stage of sleep do pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate, and body temperature increase, while skeletal muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes are depressed?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Question 3

A patient reports difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and feeling tired during the day. Which sleep disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia

Question 4

Which hormone signals the brain to stop eating and is lowered by insufficient sleep, potentially increasing obesity risk?

Accepted Answer

Leptin

Question 5

A college student complains of feeling sleepy during the day and sometimes falling asleep during lectures. He also reports sudden muscle weakness when laughing. Which sleep disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy with cataplexy

Question 6

Which of the following medications is most likely to decrease REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

Barbiturates

Question 7

A patient with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is most likely to experience which of the following during sleep?

Accepted Answer

Absence of breathing (apnea) and gasping for air

Question 8

Which of the following is a nonpharmacologic intervention to promote sleep in patients with insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Question 9

A patient reports unpleasant crawling sensations in the legs at night, making it difficult to lie still. Which sleep-related movement disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the sleep–wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Alternating periods of sleep and wakefulness regulated by physiological processes

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders?

Accepted Answer

Chronic or recurrent disruption of the sleep–wake rhythm due to misalignment between internal circadian rhythm and required schedule

Question 12

A patient is advised to keep a sleep diary. Which of the following should NOT be included in the diary?

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure readings

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why caffeine can disrupt sleep?

Accepted Answer

Caffeine blocks adenosine, preventing drowsiness

Question 14

A patient with a history of depression is more likely to experience which sleep disorder?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia

Question 15

Which of the following is a parasomnia characterized by walking during sleep?

Accepted Answer

Somnambulism

Question 16

A patient is prescribed a sedative to treat insomnia. Which of the following is a potential effect of sedative use on sleep architecture?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in REM sleep

Question 17

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity risk, based on hormonal changes?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Obesity Risk} \propto \frac{	ext{Ghrelin}}{	ext{Leptin}}$$

Question 18

A patient is advised to avoid large quantities of alcohol before bedtime. What is the primary reason for this recommendation?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol limits REM and delta sleep, reducing restorative sleep

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of activity and exercise on sleep?

Accepted Answer

Increases fatigue and promotes relaxation, leading to increased REM and NREM sleep

Question 20

A patient with sleep-related breathing disorder is being assessed using the STOP-Bang Questionnaire. Which of the following is the primary purpose of this tool?

Accepted Answer

To screen for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Rest and Sleep: Physiology, Disorders, and Health Implications

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