Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It filters blood plasma, removes metabolic waste, and regulates fluid balance through selective reabsorption and secretion.

Question 2

A patient presents with a 24-hour urine output of less than 50 mL. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Anuria

Question 3

A nurse is caring for an older adult who reports waking up multiple times at night to urinate. Which age-related change is most likely responsible for this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Diminished ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine

Question 4

Which of the following foods is most likely to cause urine to become more acidic?

Accepted Answer

Meats

Question 5

A patient with diabetes is experiencing increased urine output. What is the most likely mechanism causing this symptom?

Accepted Answer

Osmotic diuretic effect from high blood glucose levels

Question 6

A nurse is teaching a patient about preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which of the following instructions is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Drink six to eight 8-oz glasses of liquid daily.

Question 7

A patient is prescribed a diuretic. What change in urine characteristics should the nurse expect?

Accepted Answer

Urine will become lighter in color and more dilute.

Question 8

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)?

Accepted Answer

Breaks in sterile technique during catheter placement

Question 9

A nurse is caring for a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter. Which of the following actions increases the risk of infection?

Accepted Answer

Opening the drainage system to obtain urine specimens

Question 10

A patient with a urinary diversion (ileal conduit) is being taught self-care. Which of the following findings should be reported immediately to the health care provider?

Accepted Answer

Stoma darkens in color or causes unremitting pain

Question 11

A nurse is assessing a patient’s urine and finds it to be cloudy and foul-smelling. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection

Question 12

A patient is experiencing involuntary loss of urine when sneezing or laughing. Which type of urinary incontinence is this?

Accepted Answer

Stress incontinence

Question 13

A nurse is caring for a patient with a suprapubic catheter. Which of the following is an advantage of this type of catheter compared to an indwelling urethral catheter?

Accepted Answer

Elimination of damage to the urethra

Question 14

A nurse is teaching pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) exercises to a patient with stress incontinence. Which instruction is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Contract the pelvic floor muscles for 5 to 10 seconds, then relax for 10 seconds.

Question 15

A nurse is measuring urine output in a patient who is incontinent. Which method provides the most accurate measurement?

Accepted Answer

Weighing absorbent pads and converting the gram weight to milliliters ($$1\,	ext{g} = 1\,	ext{mL})$$

Question 16

A patient’s urine has a specific gravity of 1.030. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration

Question 17

A nurse is preparing a patient for an intravenous pyelogram. Which of the following is a contraindication for this procedure?

Accepted Answer

Patient has a history of shellfish allergy

Question 18

A patient with an indwelling catheter reports a burning sensation at the meatus and has cloudy urine with a strong odor. What is the most appropriate nursing action?

Accepted Answer

Promptly communicate signs and symptoms of infection to the health care team.

Question 19

A nurse is teaching a patient with a urinary sheath (external catheter) about proper care. Which instruction is most important to prevent skin complications?

Accepted Answer

Remove the sheath daily, wash the penis with soap and water, dry carefully, and inspect for irritation.

Question 20

A patient is scheduled for peritoneal dialysis. Which process is primarily responsible for the removal of waste products during this procedure?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion and osmosis across the peritoneal membrane

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Health in Personal Health

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