Q: What is the correct flow of genetic information according to the Central Dogma?

$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the chromosome condition of human somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

$2n = 46$ chromosomes$

Question 2

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix at the replication fork?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 3

What is the function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand$

Question 4

Which enzyme adds RNA primers to the DNA template during replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 5

What is the correct flow of genetic information according to the Central Dogma?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about telomerase is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Telomerase adds repeat sequences to the ends of chromosomes$

Question 7

Why are hybrids generally healthier than purebreds in agriculture?

Accepted Answer

Hybrids have greater genetic diversity, reducing the likelihood of deleterious alleles becoming fixed$

Question 8

Which of the following is a consequence of the absence of telomerase in somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

Shortening of chromosomes over time, leading to cell aging$

Question 9

During DNA replication, nucleotides are added to which end of the growing DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

$3'$ end$

Question 10

What is the name of the short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Okazaki fragments$

Question 11

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I$

Question 12

A mutation occurs during DNA replication when an incorrect base is incorporated. Which enzyme activity helps correct this error?

Accepted Answer

$3' \rightarrow 5'$ exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase$

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why sexually reproducing populations are more adaptable to changing environments than asexually reproducing populations?

Accepted Answer

Sexual reproduction allows for genetic shuffling, increasing genetic diversity$

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of human chromosomes in somatic cells?

Accepted Answer

There are 46 single-stranded chromosomes organized into 23 homologous pairs$

Question 15

Which process describes the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Transcription$

Question 16

If a gene has the DNA sequence $5'	ext{ATGCGT}\ 3'$, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

$5'	ext{AUGCGU}\ 3'$

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of deleterious alleles becoming fixed in an asexually reproducing population?

Accepted Answer

Reduced adaptability and increased prevalence of genetic diseases$

Question 18

What is the error rate of DNA polymerase during replication, and what is its biological significance?

Accepted Answer

$1:10^6 - 10^8$; it allows for some mutations, which can lead to genetic diversity$

Question 19

Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are short DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand$

Question 20

Why do telomeres not code for any proteins?

Accepted Answer

They contain repeat sequences that serve as protective caps at chromosome ends$

Genetics and Molecular Biology: Chromosomes, DNA Replication, and Gene Expression

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