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Stress Physiology definitions

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  • Sympathetic Nervous System
    Branch of the autonomic system that mobilizes energy and resources for immediate fight-or-flight reactions during stress.
  • Autonomic Nervous System
    Peripheral system division that regulates involuntary functions of organs, vessels, and glands, including stress responses.
  • Hypothalamus
    Brain structure initiating both immediate and prolonged stress responses by signaling other systems and glands.
  • Adrenal Glands
    Paired structures atop the kidneys that release key stress hormones, each from a distinct internal region.
  • Adrenal Medulla
    Inner region of a gland that secretes adrenaline for rapid energy and heightened alertness during acute stress.
  • Adrenal Cortex
    Outer layer of a gland responsible for releasing cortisol, supporting sustained adaptation to ongoing stress.
  • Pituitary Gland
    Master endocrine organ in the brain that directs other glands, especially during prolonged stress via hormone release.
  • Adrenaline
    Hormone that triggers immediate physiological changes like increased heart rate and muscle blood flow in emergencies.
  • Cortisol
    Hormone that maintains prolonged stress responses, affecting glucose levels, digestion, and immune activity.
  • HPA Axis
    Three-part system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex, coordinating long-term stress adaptation.
  • Fight or Flight Response
    Acute physiological reaction preparing the body for immediate action in the face of perceived danger.
  • Peripheral Nervous System
    Network outside the brain and spinal cord, including branches that regulate automatic stress responses.
  • Hormones
    Chemical messengers released by glands into the bloodstream, orchestrating body-wide responses to stress.