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Chapter 7

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Terms in this set (22)

  • What is a concept in cognition?

    A concept is a fundamental unit of cognition that classifies entities and encodes shared features.

  • Name the three types of concepts.

    Feature-based, Goal-based, and Relationship-based concepts.

  • What defines a feature-based concept?

    Concepts defined by similar features or characteristics, e.g., all birds have feathers and lay eggs.

  • What is a goal-based concept?

    Concepts grouped by having the same goal or purpose, e.g., tools used for gardening.

  • Explain relationship-based concepts.

    Items connected by the same relationship or linkage, e.g., teacher-student or predator-prey.

  • Define problem solving in psychology.

    The process of identifying a challenge and creating a solution, involving understanding the problem, generating solutions, and evaluating outcomes.

  • What is decision making?

    Choosing an option from multiple possibilities by weighing benefits and consequences.

  • What is language in psychological terms?

    A structured system of communication using symbols, sounds, or gestures.

  • Summarize the Nativist Theory of language acquisition.

    Proposed by Noam Chomsky; humans are born with an innate ability for language, supported by the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

  • What does the Formalist Theory of language emphasize?

    Language is learned by applying rules to create meaning, focusing on grammar, syntax, and structure.

  • Describe the Social-Pragmatic Theory of language development.

    Language develops through social interaction; communication needs and context drive learning.

  • What is linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)?

    The idea that the language we speak influences how we think and perceive the world.

  • Does language influence thought?

    Yes, language shapes how we categorize and interpret experiences, though basic cognition exists independently.

  • What is the hierarchical model of intelligence?

    Intelligence has a general factor (g) underlying all cognitive abilities, with specific abilities (s) branching out.

  • Define the general factor (g) in intelligence.

    The core cognitive ability influencing all tasks requiring intelligence.

  • What are specific abilities (s) in intelligence?

    Individual abilities like mathematical reasoning, verbal skills, and spatial awareness.

  • What are Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

    Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.

  • What is emotional intelligence?

    The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions in oneself and others.

  • How do nature and nurture influence intelligence?

    Nature refers to genetic factors; nurture refers to environmental influences like education and culture.

  • What are the uses of intelligence tests?

    Identifying giftedness, detecting specific learning disorders, and diagnosing intellectual disabilities.

  • What is test bias in intelligence testing?

    Culture-fair tests aim to minimize language and cultural influences to provide unbiased intelligence measurement.

  • Explain stereotype threat and its impact.

    The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group can reduce test performance and affect education and employment outcomes.