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Memory and Information Processing Model in Psychology

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  • What are the three steps of the Information Processing Model of memory?
    Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval.
  • What is encoding in the Information Processing Model?
    Encoding is the process of converting incoming information into a form the brain can process.
  • What does storage involve in the Information Processing Model?
    Storage involves keeping relevant information over time in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
  • What is retrieval in the Information Processing Model?
    Retrieval is accessing stored information at a later date.
  • What is the Three-Box Model of Memory?
    A model that describes memory storage in three sequential stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
  • What is sensory memory?
    The stage of memory that holds incoming sensory stimuli for a very brief time, less than a few seconds.
  • How long does sensory memory retain visual and auditory stimuli?
    Visual stimuli are retained for about 1 second; auditory stimuli for less than a few seconds.
  • What happens to unattended information in sensory memory?
    Unattended information is quickly forgotten or lost.
  • What is short-term memory?
    Temporary storage that holds information for about 20 seconds.
  • How is working memory different from short-term memory?
    Working memory involves the active manipulation of information held in short-term memory.
  • What is the typical capacity of short-term memory?
    Historically 7 ± 2 items; more recent research suggests 4 ± 1 chunks of information.
  • Name three strategies to increase short-term/working memory capacity.
    Rehearsal, Serial Position Effect, and Chunking.
  • How does expertise affect working memory capacity?
    Expertise in a subject can increase working memory capacity.
  • What is long-term memory?
    Storage of information over long periods with near-limitless capacity.
  • What are the two main types of long-term memory?
    Implicit (non-declarative) and Explicit (declarative) memory.
  • What is implicit memory?
    Memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without conscious awareness.
  • What is explicit memory?
    Memories that can be consciously retrieved.
  • What are examples of implicit memory?
    Priming, procedural memory, and conditioned responses.
  • What are examples of explicit memory?
    Semantic memory (facts) and episodic memory (personal experiences).
  • What are associative (semantic) networks in long-term memory?
    Networks of nodes representing interrelated concepts, where activating one node makes related nodes easier to retrieve.
  • How does frequency of association affect links in semantic networks?
    More frequent associations create stronger links between concepts.