Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of habituation in learning?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time.

Question 2

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, what role does the metronome play before conditioning occurs?

Accepted Answer

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 3

Which principle of classical conditioning is demonstrated when a dog salivates to a bell that sounds similar to the original conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 4

A person who develops a fear of all dogs after being bitten by one dog is exhibiting which classical conditioning phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking away chores when a child gets good grades.

Question 6

According to Thorndike's law of effect, which equation best represents the relationship between stimulus, response, and reward?

Accepted Answer

$$S \rightarrow R \rightarrow Reward$$

Question 7

Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 8

A rat receives food after pressing a lever an average of 10 times, but the exact number varies. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behaviour.

Question 10

In the two-process theory of anxiety, how is anxiety initially acquired and then maintained?

Accepted Answer

Acquired by classical conditioning, maintained by negative reinforcement.

Question 11

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using punishment to modify behaviour?

Accepted Answer

It creates anxiety and may encourage subversive behaviour.

Question 12

Which concept challenges radical behaviourism by showing that learning can occur without direct reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Latent learning

Question 13

Bandura's research on aggression demonstrated which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned compensatory response (CCR) in drug use?

Accepted Answer

Experiencing withdrawal symptoms in a familiar drug-use setting.

Question 15

Which biological phenomenon places limits on what behaviours can be trained through reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift

Question 16

A teacher uses a token economy in the classroom. What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers in this context?

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs, secondary reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers.

Question 17

Which learning fad has been shown to be no more effective than traditional learning methods?

Accepted Answer

Sleep-assisted learning

Question 18

Which equation best represents the concept of partial reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

$$R_{partial} = \frac{n_{reinforced}}{n_{total}} \u003c 1$$

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why conditioned taste aversion is unique compared to other forms of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

It can develop after only one trial and with long delays between CS and UCS.

Question 20

Which statement about learning styles is supported by research?

Accepted Answer

There is no evidence that teaching to learning styles improves learning.

Chapter 6: Learning – How Nurture Changes Us (Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding)

Study Guide - Practice Questions